Strategic Alliance of two companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Alliance of two companies - Essay Example After being aligned together Sony Ericsson in a short span of time captured the market share of Nokia, Motorola and Samsung. The main reason behind this gaining of market share was the reasonable price of the phone, additional features, attractive looking of the mobile phones. Slowly and gradually they are making advancement in technologies and bring better phones into the market for the consumers. The consumers are satisfied with the products of Sony Ericsson and the eye catching mobile phones of Sony Ericsson are a brand in the minds of the customers. The Stylishness of the phone along with the features including Camera, Blue tooth, Infrared, Java enabled games, mp3 player being available at a reasonable price, and easy to use mobile phone. Most consumers are opting for the Sony Ericsson Mobile phones. With the changing times, people have started to adapt to changing technologies and quite rightly so, Sony Ericsson has caught on the bandwagon well. Strategic alliances are chances for small businesses to achieve things that would otherwise take much more money or staff time. There are several ways small businesses can work together with other business unit. While you may be courageously stepping down the path of running and increasing your businesses, there may come a time when you need to form strategic alliances for your business. Given the current state of business today, competitive pressures are forcing companies to come-up with creative ways to improve brand identity, attach with clientele and draw top-notch staff. Corporations are teaming up more today to enhance their competitiveness in the marketplace and keep speed with the quick modification of technological improvement. More than 20,000 corporate alliances have been formed worldwide over the past two years. Strategic alliances are shaped when one company alone cannot fill the gap in helping the needs

Software Development Essay Example for Free

Software Development Essay The program template represents a complete working Java program, with one or more key lines of code replaced with comments. Read the problem description and examine the sample output; then study the template code. Using the problem-solving tips as a guide, replace the /* */ comments with Java code. Compile and execute the program. Compare your output with the sample output provided. Then answer the follow-up questions. The source code for the template is available at the course website (sclass). Problem Description Write an application that plays â€Å"guess the number† as follows: Your application chooses the number to be guessed by selecting an integer at random in the range 1–1000. The application then displays the following in a label: I have a number between 1 and 1000. Can you guess my number? Please enter your first guess. A JTextField should be used to input the guess. As each guess is input, the background color should change to either red or blue. Red indicates that the user is getting â€Å"warmer,† and blue indicates that the user is getting â€Å"colder.† A JLabel should display either Too High or Too Low to help the user zero in on the correct answer. When the user gets the correct answer, Correct! should be displayed, and the JTextField used for input should be changed to be uneditable. A JButton should be provided to allow the user to play the game again. When the JButton is clicked, a new random number should be generated and the input JTextField changed to be editable. Sample Output Problem-Solving Tips 1. Use methods from the JTextField class to manipulate all JTextField components. For instance, method setText will set the text of the text field, and method setEditable will set whether the text field can be edited or not. 2. Method setBackground from class JFrame sets the background color of the JFrame. 3. Use method nextInt from class Random to generate a random number from 1 to 1000. You will need to scale the range of values produced by random by 1000 and shift the range by 1. 4. Use variables lastDistance and currentDistance to determine the distance of the guess from the actual number. If this distance gets larger between guesses, set the background color of the JFrame to blue. If this distance gets smaller or stays the same, set the background color to red. 5. If you have any questions as you proceed, ask your lab instructor for assistance. Follow-Up Questions and Activities 1. Modify the previous program to keep track of how many guesses the user has made, and display that number in another JLabel in the JFrame. 2. Now modify the previous program so that there is another JLabel in the JFrame that contains the number to be guessed, but does not become visible, until the user guesses the right number. In other words the JLabel is always there, the user just can’t see it until the correct number is guessed. Submission Submit 3 files of the 3 version of GuessGameFrame: GuessGameFrame1, GuessGameFrame, and GuessGameFrame3.java via the slcass.

Is a general glut possible?

Is a general glut possible? Introduction In macroeconomics, general glut refers to there is a supply excess in all industries. There is a long time running debate on the general glut from the late 18th century. Many economists try to figure out if there is a general glut in reality. Normally, glut could be exhibited in a economic depression or recession with high unemployment rate and idle manufactures. However, Jean-Baptiste Say(1803) established his theory Law of markets which advocates that there is no general glut . Say said products are paid for with products. In the other words, supply creates demand. Many classical and neoclassical economists support Says Law. Say brought up his theory after industrial revolution. Under that background, Says law might be right, because market was completely controlled by suppliers. It means suppliers are consumers. Therefore, Says law seems right. On the other hand, Says Law can be proved with one simple example: if firms cannot sell goods, then goods prices will be decreased until c onsumers accept it. The only problem is time. In the long run, Says law seems correct. Ricardo (1851) extended this notion to saving and investment. If manufacture produces more than one consumes, then the surplus is saved and, by definition of terms, invested. No one would produce in excess of consumption needs if one does not have a desire to either exchange it or invest it. Supply, therefore, is demand. This virtually all the Classical economists held to be an irrefutable truth. However, some economists denied Says law concluding there is a general glut in economy. Keynesian argues that some microeconomic-level actions can lead to a general glut. Next, unnecessarily high unemployment rate is the evidence of a general glut. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the gneral glut. Some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. In my opinion, general glut exists in the modern society. The severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s and financial crisis in 2007 prove that there is a general glut in reality. Especially, the global financial crisis in 2007 makes me to believe that Keynesian is correct and general glut is possible. It is controversial that government should adopt laissez-fair or Keynesian policy to exit finaical crisis. From laissez-fair side, economists suggest government should stimulate production and this is the only way to control crisis. On the other hand, Keynesians supporters argue that government should stimulate demand. Because they think insufficient aggregate damand causes the fiancial crisis. Says law This part I will discuss Says law more detail and analyse why Says law is inconsistent with other economistss theories. Say is the first economists to advocate that the price of a product is dominated by its supply and demand. Say(1803) established Law of markets theory which argues that the total supply in an economy can never fall below or exceed the amount of total demand. Therefore, there is no general glut in a economy. On the other hand, Say argues that money is neutral. Personally, I think Says thought about moneys purpose is inconsistent with most economists arguments. It is the one reason why his theory is inconsistent with most economists theories. Say(1983) contended trader is interested in other products, not money. He thinks there is no reason to hoard money and moneys purpose is buying other goods. In contrast, I think many people are engaging to hoard money for various reasons. For example, ones salary is 2000 dollars per month, it is impossible for him to use 2000 dollars every month. One will make a financial plan and save one small proportion in the bank purposely. Many classical and neoclassical theory supports Says law. I read the story like shoe-hat world or some two things world in their articles. In the shoe-hat world, they exchange one good for another good . According to their explanations, there could be three possible circumstances in the shoe hat world. I got this idea from a on-line article called the general glut controversy. First of all, shoes makers and hat makers have enough quantities to satisfy all demand. Then, there is a overproduction of hats, meaning too great a demand for hats. Next, there may be too many shoes in the market. However, there never be a overproduction of both goods. Because a shoes maker would not produce one more if he or she did not need more hats. On the other hand, there could be a glut for one good, but there could not be a general glut. It seems plausible that general glut does not exist. However, they overlooked a important stuff, of course, money. In the current society, we are not in the barter economy. Money plays a important role in capitalize economy. If i introduce money in the two person economy, there is a little change. Mill, John Stuart (1844)argues that in the simple exchange economy, supply creats demand. However, when money is the exchange medium, people can hoard the sales profit. Therefore, supply do not always create demand and general confidence can change the balance between supply and demand. Joseph Clark(2010) argues that there still cannot be a general glut after we introduce money. He said there could be surplus in all goods relative to money. From the long term side, I think there is no general glut, however, in the short term, definitely supply does not equal to demand due to price is not flexible. It means there is overproduction or underproduction. Says law just messed up by the exchange medium, money. Great depression and global financial crisis It is important to discuss the economic depression in the 1930s and global financial crisis in 2007. From these two events, I firmly believe general glut exists. Many economists argued that government interventions is the main reason for financial crisis. Robert ( 2009) asserts that one cause of financial crisis is the unregulated financial market. Some researchers thought the main reason for financial crisis is humans greed. Adrian(2008) concluded one cause of the crisis is a change in the model of banking, mixing credit with equity culture. Nevertheless, I think general glut is the main reason. After doc.com bubble bursting, American government decreased interest rate to prevent economic recession. Between 2001 and 2004, interest rate even reached the lowest point of 50 years, 1%. I think real estate glut is the fuse of the crisis. After real estate bubble bursting, the general glut came up. For example, the Big three(GE,FORD,CLESLER) asked for $50 billion to avoid bankruptcy and e nsuing layoffs, then Congress worked out a 25$ billion loan. From a more widen scope, looking at the data from Wikipedia, the annulized rate of decline in GDP was 14.4% in Germany, 15.2% in Japan, 7.4% in the UK, 9.8% in the Euro. Looking at the unemployment rate of economic downturn in the 1930s: unemployment in the United states arose to 25% and some other countries reached 33%(frank, 2007).If Says law is correct and general glut is invisible, there is no unemployment. I will explain why unemployment rate is related with Says law and general glut in the next part. Say and other nineteenth-century economists argued that products can find buyers eventually if prices are sufficiently attractive. I admit this argument is correct. If Airbus sells A380 as cars price, I think there is no overproduction problem for Airbus. I think many theories are established in a perfect and simple world. Actually many theories cannot apply to reality because of imperfect economy system. Some other theories Keynes (1936) argued that unnecessarily high unemployment rate was the evidence of the general glut. Aggregate demand for products is less than aggregate supply, causing economic recession and losses of potential output. There are three important concepts in Keynes paper. The first one is propensity to consume. The marginal propensity to consumer is the relative increase in personal consumption, that comes with an increase in disposable income. The marginal propensity is less than one. In the other words, the actual production level is lower than the full employment production level. Therefore, there is a gap between total income and total consumption. This gap would not be eliminated which conflicts Says law. Now, someone maybe ask if investments can close this gap. Many economists believe that saving is equal to investment. Keynes(1963) argues that investment cannot close this gap because there is no evidence showing that investment is equal to saving. Keynes contend that saving de pends on the households income level. It means one earns more and one saves more. However, investments depends on the marginal efficiency of capital. Keynes thinks saving and investment are totally different terms and have no autocorrelation. Austrian school economists argue that misallocation of resource causes the depression, even general glut. They also contend the depression is a tool to wipe out the excessive supply.(wiki) Austrian school economists focus on the credit cycle when they see the business cycle. they think depression is inevitable after credit bubble burst. Artificially low interest rate could lead speculative economic bubbles. Then, recession comes up to adjust the balance of saving and investment(Thorsten Polleit,2007). I think Austrian school theory is similar to post-Ksynesian. They both think general glut cause as one spends more than one earns. Personally, I think greed is another way to interpret this problem. some post-Keynesian economists think credit bubbles or speculative bubbles is the cause of general glut. From Irving Fishing ¼Ã‹â€ 1933 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ° view, debt bubble busrting leads general glut. According to his debt deflation theory, a series of bad things occur after bubble bursting. First of all, distress selling and debt liquidation lead contraction of the money supply. Then, decrease of asset value and fall in firms profits. Afterwards, unemployment rate increase leads pessimism. Finally, people will hoard money. Therefore, a general glut comes up due to the shift from using more than one earns to spending less than one earns leads a sustained decrease in aggregate demand(wiki). It is necessary to talk about Marxian in the general glut debate. Marx(1864) contend that there are two types of goods, one is capital goods like machines and another one is consumer goods that are not durable. According to Marx, I think capitalist economy target is capital goods accumulation. On the other hand, firms goal is profit maximum. Looking back to our reality, many developed countries companies are using outsource strategy. They are reaching the maximum marginal profit. So there will be more and more goods but unchanged demand power even lower. Therefore, general glut is possible in the capitalist economy. Sismondi(1861) and Karl Marx have a same idea about time lag in the products transaction. I think this idea exists in the reality, for example, one produced a good and sell it. However, he would hoard money for a while before he buy other goods with money he earned. Therefore, there is a breakdown in the transaction and overproduction crisis can occur. Actually some economists oppose to Says law before Keyne and Marx. Malthus(1820) argues that producers do not always exchange their goods for other goods. Some goods are exchanged for labour. However, Says law does not concerns about employment and unemployment. Therefore the entire goods can lose value due to unproductive labour,meanwhile, general glut can exist. From the money side, Say and his supporters think is completely neutral. However, Malthus(1820) contend that producer wants money not other goods. He think it is so abstract that people want goods and not money. I persist Malthuss thought is correct. For example, I want to buy a house or a luxury car, so I will to save my money within five even ten years. Before I buy a house, money is preferable for me. Eventually, I admit my saving is for goods, however, I do not immediately change goods when I get money. There is a gap, even for a while, this gap will cause a general glut. conclusion I think it is impossible to avoid the crisis of general glut. Theoretically, general glut is a issue of income distribution. Profit is distributed to minority. This could leads social savings and investments too high as well as low consumption, hence the scale of production and consumption is asymmetry. Then, general glut comes up. Therefore, I support that government should stimulate aggregate demand side to exist crisis. Then, I disagree Says standpoint that supply creates demand. Just a simple example, manufactures always increase their investments when economy is booming. They think there will be more demand in the future , so they build more factories and buy more raw materials in advance. However, economic crisis may be happen suddenly leading to less consumption. Therefore, there will be many idle factories and high unemployment rate as well as unsold goods. Under this condition, I can barely believe that supply creates demand. I think general glut exists due to firms managers overestimate the demand quantities and misjudge macroeconomic situation. I think greedy soul is the main cause of overestimation and misjudgement. It is also the deep reason for the general glut. Many people debate on the term general and think there could be overproduction for one good or two goods or one thousand goods, however, no general glut. I think once money exists in our economy as a exchange tool, there could be general glut. Maybe money is not overproduction,but money is not good. There is no industry called money industry. On the other hand, I pretty sure government policies would solve the general glut issue. For example, FED injected money supply after 2007 financial crisis. This topic is so profound and tricky. My essay is not a statistics based paper, so I cannot provide enough data to prove my notion. Money is a critical variable in this debate. Some economists argue that money is neutral and give so little importance to money. Actually money has a meaning of value store rather than exchange. However, I still persist that general glut exists in the short run and supply seemingly create demand in the long run. in the other words, overproduction crisis is the situation that supplier cannot sell their goods at meanwhile. Is it possible? Obviously, the answer is yes. 1930 depression and 2007 financial crisis tell us the answer is yes. However, market itself adjusts and heals general gluts crisis eventually. I agree Keyness critique of Says law. But I am still confused his thought about saving and investment. I do not agree saving rate depends on income level rather than interest rate. For example, Chinese saving rate is higher than some western countries, however, Chinese income level is lower than western countries. Personally, I think interest rate has a strong relationship with saving. Finally, if Says law is acceptable, it means government should adopt laissez-fair policies. However, I think Keynesian is more rational and acceptable than laissez-fair. Global financial crisis and 30th great depression give a strong evidence for this debate. I pretty sure market is rational, however, overlooking one variable, of course, people. Human control the market and price and I have to say people are not rational sometimes. However, there is no general glut in the barter economy. In the other words, all goods are exchange for other goods. Plus, sellers buy other goods immediately after they sell goods. This circumstance seems so abstract and unrealistic. I cannot deny Says law influence and implications. Says law is a pillar of classical economic theory. Understanding the inner implication of Says law is important for government to control a crisis or avoid a crisis.

Political Morality Essay -- essays research papers

In Webster's dictionary, morality is defined as "principles of right and wrong in conduct; ethics." The principles of morality have countless times evolved over the ages. In earlier times, death was an easy penalty for many crimes. These crimes today are considered minor and are penalized with a slap on the hand. Is this considered wrong? Who is the correct authority to consult on what is right or wrong? In today's society, two major factors concern how the way members of society act and behave. The first is our national government. Members of our government in positions of authority decide everything in our lives in the form of laws which determine our behavior. One of the most important documents written by our government is the Declaration of Independence. The monarchy was taking away power from the colonists and putting more demands on. In return, the colonists declared their freedom from their tyrant. In this document, it states, "All men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The great men who wrote this down had a strong sense of morals. They believed that men were given rights by God that no one could take away. This is essential to the issue of morality because it determines the rights- that are agreed upon all- are wrong. This brings us to religion. Religion is a major contributor ...

Compare the Structure and Function of Collagen and Haemoglobin Essay

Haemoglobin is a transport protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. In order to function most efficiently, haemoglobin needs to bind to oxygen tightly when the oxygen concentration is high in the lungs and be able to release oxygen rapidly in the relatively low partial pressure in the tissues. I will be comparing the structure and function of haemoglobin with the structure and function of collagen, which is a structural protein. Collagen’s functions are quite different from those of globular proteins such as enzymes; tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers are a major component of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells structure from the outside. Collagen is also present in certain cells as it has great tensile strength, and is the main component of fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and teeth. Primary Structure; the number, type and sequence of amino acids The primary level of structure in a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids, formed by a condensation reaction. The primary structure of these proteins are very different. The haemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide (globin) chains, where as collagen is made up of three polypeptide chains wound round each other. In Haemoglobin there are a wide range of amino acid constituents in the primary structure, in contrast 35% of collagen’s primary structure is glycine. This difference in primary structure causes the proteins themselves to be different; due to the original different primary structure the haemoglobin protein is soluble in water whereas the collagen protein is not. Secondary structure; Formed when the chain of amino acid coils or folds to form an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.  Haemoglobin is comprised of four polypeptide subunits, two with alpha helix secondary structure and two with beta pleated sheet form. All four components carry a heme group that can bind to oxygen, and all four components must be present to form haemoglobin. The shape of the haemaglobin affects its ability to carry oxygen, and travel freely throughout the circulatory system. Whereas Collagen’s secondary structure involves three strands of protein bonded together between the chains with hydrogen bonds  and then twisted into a helix that is referred to as a ‘collagen helix’. Tertiary structure; the final three dimensional shape of protein is formed when these coils and pleats coil or fold. Due to interactions between R-groups of the different amino acids. The tertiary structure or overall shape of collagen protein subunits is a helical chain. Due to the ways in which the amino acids are arranged the protein can be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. Soluble proteins, like haemoglobin will fold with the hydrophobic side on the inside and the hydrophilic side on the outside. As with all proteins the tertiary structure of each subunit is held in place by a number of bonds and interactions, these interation give the subunits and whole molecule very specific shapes, this is why haemoglobin and collagen differ so greatly in structure and in function as the shape of the molecule (due to the tertiary structure) is vital for the molecule to carry out its function. Quaternary structure; some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide subunit joined together.   The quaternary structure of haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits. Two are called alpha chains and two are called beta chains. The four subunits together form one haemoglobin molecule, which is water soluble. In comparison, The quaternary structure of collagen consists of three left-handed helices twisted into a right-handed coil. Fibrous proteins, like collagen contain polypeptide chains arranged in long strands or sheets, whereas globular proteins, like haemoglobin have polypeptide chains that are folded in a spherical shape. Due to the differences in structure of collagen and haemoglobin their shape and function also differ greatly. The triple helix structure of collagen gives the structure strength and therefore the function of collagen is to provide mechanical strength in many areas. Where as the presence of a prosthetic group, Haem, in the structure of haemoglobin means oxygen can bind to the iron. This means that one complete haemoglobin molecule can bind up to four

Point of Sales and Inventory System

Communication -from Latin â€Å"communis†, meaning  to share) is the activity of conveying  information  through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Communication requires a sender, a  message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality.The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the process where the one person is expressing his or her idea and the other one is listening to the idea being expressed by the one who is talking. That is how you define communication. When this results to have an understanding to both of them, therefore there is already a communication. In other words, when a person is talking, the other person should listen so that he will understand to what the other person is talking about.When a person talks and nobody listens, then there is no communication happening because there is no understanding. The people just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do not listen to it well that is why they do not understand about the topic. I will give you further examples for you to understand what communication is. Mass Communication -is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through  mass media  to large segments of the population at the same time.It is usually understood to relate to  newspaper  and  magazine  publishing,  radio,  television  and  film, as these are used both for disseminating  news  and for  advertising. Mass communication helps provide information, interpret it, create social awareness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes m ost of communication media institutions and processes such as diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. In the United States, for instance, several university  departments were remodelled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication†.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication  is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most def initions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels  are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal  communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal  communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). Indirect channels  are those channels that are us ually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as â€Å"gut feeling†, â€Å"hunches† or â€Å"premonitions†. Channels  means mode of communicating the messages. Participants  is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context  refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:   Physical Milieu Balance of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION-  refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION-  It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studi os use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways. Modes of Communication amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both  modulation  types and operating protocols. History of Communication Da tes back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1]  Communication  can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full  conversations  and  mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with  speech  approximately 200,000 years ago]. Symbols  were developed about 30,000 years ago,[2]  and writing  about 7,000[On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field of  telecommunication  in the past few centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has made possible the evolution of human society. With language any message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance – within a room or place of assembly, or across a short open space. In modern times ‘town criers' hold an annu al contest to discover which of them can shout a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical alternative is to run with the message. Point of Sales and Inventory System Communication -from Latin â€Å"communis†, meaning  to share) is the activity of conveying  information  through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing, or behaviour. Communication requires a sender, a  message, and a recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality.The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the message of the sender. Communication is the process where the one person is expressing his or her idea and the other one is listening to the idea being expressed by the one who is talking. That is how you define communication. When this results to have an understanding to both of them, therefore there is already a communication. In other words, when a person is talking, the other person should listen so that he will understand to what the other person is talking about.When a person talks and nobody listens, then there is no communication happening because there is no understanding. The people just heard what the person in front of them is talking but they do not listen to it well that is why they do not understand about the topic. I will give you further examples for you to understand what communication is. Mass Communication -is the academic study of how individuals and entities relay information through  mass media  to large segments of the population at the same time.It is usually understood to relate to  newspaper  and  magazine  publishing,  radio,  television  and  film, as these are used both for disseminating  news  and for  advertising. Mass communication helps provide information, interpret it, create social awareness, and educate the masses. Mass communication research includes m ost of communication media institutions and processes such as diffusion of information, and media effects such as persuasion or manipulation of public opinion. In the United States, for instance, several university  departments were remodelled into schools or colleges of mass communication or â€Å"journalism and mass communication†.Levels of Communication 1) INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION- is language use or thought internal to the communicator. Intrapersonal communication is the active internal involvement of the individual in symbolic processing of messages. The individual becomes his or her own sender and receiver, providing feedback to him or herself in an on-going internal process. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. 2) INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION-Interpersonal communication  is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most def initions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication. Direct channels  are those that are obvious and can be easily recognized by the receiver. They are also under direct control of the sender. In this category are the verbal and non-verbal channels of communication.Verbal  communication channels are those that use words in some manner, such as written communication or spoken communication. Non-verbal  communication channels are those that do not require silly words, such as certain overt facial expressions, controllable body movements (such as that made by a traffic police to control traffic at an intersection), color (red for danger, green means go etc), sound (sirens, alarms etc. ). Indirect channels  are those channels that are us ually recognized subliminally or subconsciously by the receiver, and not under direct control of the sender.This includes kinesics or body language, that reflects the inner emotions and motivations rather than the actual delivered message. It also includes such vague terms as â€Å"gut feeling†, â€Å"hunches† or â€Å"premonitions†. Channels  means mode of communicating the messages. Participants  is the communicators who are both senders and receivers. Context  refers to the interrelated condition of communication. It consists of such factors as:   Physical Milieu Balance of interpersonal communication 3. ) GROUP COMMUNICATION-  refers to the nature of communication that occurs in groups that are between 3 and 12 individuals.Small group communication generally takes place in a context that mixes interpersonal communication interactions with social clustering. 4. ) PUBLIC COMMUNICATION-  It's at the heart of our economy, society, and politics. Studi os use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes. It's a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways. Modes of Communication amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data communications modes over radio. Generally new modes can be tested in the amateur radio service, although national regulations may require disclosure of a new mode to permit radio licensing authorities to monitor the transmissions. Encryption, for example, is not generally permitted in the Amateur Radio service except for the special purpose of satellite vehicle control uplinks. The following is a partial list of the modes of communication used, where the mode includes both  modulation  types and operating protocols. History of Communication Da tes back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. [1]  Communication  can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full  conversations  and  mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with  speech  approximately 200,000 years ago]. Symbols  were developed about 30,000 years ago,[2]  and writing  about 7,000[On a much shorter scale, there have been major developments in the field of  telecommunication  in the past few centuries. Communication begins with language, the distinctive ability which has made possible the evolution of human society. With language any message, no matter how complex, can be conveyed between people over a limited distance – within a room or place of assembly, or across a short open space. In modern times ‘town criers' hold an annu al contest to discover which of them can shout a comprehensible message over the greatest distance. The world record is less than 100 metres. Already, at that short range, a more practical alternative is to run with the message.

The Evolution of Citizenship essays

The Evolution of Citizenship essays As citizens living in the 21st century, we take for granted the rights and freedoms we have. We dont think about and cherish the freedoms and rights we have as citizens, which many people had to fight for. Citizenship today has changed from that almost 300 years ago. The concept of citizenship is a fairly recent invention. Being a citizen use to mean you had to do whatever the government ordered you to do, which for most people was pay outrageous taxes. This changed in the 1700s when John Locke when he had the idea that individuals should be put ahead of the government and that citizens have the right to life, liberty, and the protection of property. John Lockes ideas served as a reason for future revolutions. The next revolution that had a big impact on citizenship was the Industrial revolution (1750 1900). This led not only to the rise of organized labor, but the rights of employees. Employers were giving their employees shorter work hours, and benefits for their families. Both the Apartheid (1980s) and the Civil rights movement (1960s) helped improve the rights and freedoms for blacks all over the world. Also in 1982 we had the Constitution Act in Canada. The constitution outlined the rules of how the government (federal and provincial) should operate. The Constitution Act also included the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. For that last century we have had many rights and freedoms (the BNA Act) but for the first time in our history there are written down and protected by this constitution. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is the ending point for the rights that we now have as a Canadian citizen. As you can see, citizenship is actually a fairly recent invention and we have many people in history to thank for the rights and freedoms we now have as Canadian citizens. ...

Scream essays

Scream essays Edvard Munchs The Scream was painted in the end of the 19th century, and is possibly the first Expressionist painting. The Scream was very different from the art of the time, when many artists tried to depict objective reality. Munch was a tortured soul, and it certainly showed in this painting. Most of his family had died, and he was often plagued by sickness. The Scream was not a reflection of what was going on at the time, but rather, Munchs own inner hell. It visualizes a desperate aspect of fin-de-sicle: anxiety and apocalypse. The persuasiveness of the motif shows that it also speaks to our day and age (Whaley 75 ). When Edvard Munch was asked what had inspired him to do this painting, he replied, One evening I was walking along a path, the city on one side of me and the fjord below. I felt tired and ill. I stopped and looked out across the fjord. The sun was setting, the clouds were turning blood red. I felt a scream passing through nature. It seemed to me that I could hear The Scream. I painted this picture; painted the clouds as real blood. The colors screamed (Preble 52). Some people, when they look at this painting, only see a person screaming. They see the pretty blend of colors, but dont actually realize what they are looking at. A lone emaciated figure halts on a bridge clutching his ears, his eyes and mouth open wide in a scream of anguish. Behind him a couple are walking together in the opposite direction. Barely discernible in the swirling motion of a red-blood sunset and deep blue-black fjord, are tiny boats at sea, and the suggestion of town buildings ( Preble 53). This painting was definitely the first of its kind, the first Expressionist painting. People say that a picture is worth a thousand words. If thats the case, then The Scream is worth a million. It has a message that no other painting of its time...

Animal Testing Research Paper

Abstract With animal testing, the killing and harming innocent animals, being around for centuries with little change, will exploiting the facts that the public does not know about, help put an end to all the product and medication testing on animals? Introduction Animal testing has been around for centuries, when it really should be one of those â€Å"cruel memories† of things we have done in the past, but will not let in happen again in the future. Rats, Mice, Rabbits, and a whole slew of other animals are forced to endure massive quantities of testing substances or endure pain by having harmful chemicals applied to their bodies, even though the testing may have nothing to do with anything relatable for human use. My purpose for this subject is to let people think twice about buying a product, or hopefully helping put this inhuman testing to an end. When did animal testing originate? The history of animal testing goes back to the writings of the Greeks in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Erasistratus (304-250 BC) were among the first group of people to perform experiments on living animals. A physician in 2nd-century Rome, dissected pigs and goats and is known as the â€Å"father of vivisection†, when his real name is Galen. Avenzoar, whom is also a physician but of Arabic, also practiced dissection in 12th-century Moorish Spain, and introduced animal testing as an acceptable experimental method of testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. (Cohen Loew, 2013) What is animal testing? Animal testing, a phrase that most people unsure of exactly what is involved but have heard it before. There are many names, animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it all refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. Its main purpose in why it is used, is to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics. We also use it to help find a better understanding of how the human body works. Supporters believe it is a necessary practice and obliteration to animals for our bettering and the deaths of the animals are well worth the cause. Then there are those opposed to animal testing because they believe it involves the torture and suffering of innocent animals (Ian Murnaghan BSc (hons), 2011) Who does animal testing affect? Animal testing affects everyone in the modern world today. It is primarily used to help save lives. The testing is performed so that there is a better understanding of what reactions drugs may have, so that we can figure out which drugs help which diseases, as well as observe how certain drugs affect conditions such as pregnancy and other side effects they may cause like cancer. Another part of animal testing is to help promote a product or to understand the effects of those products and the percentile of which those effects may cause. This might include testing makeup, lotions, or food products. Animal testing main support is from those people that believe the animals in our world today, are a close link to humans, and therefore allow them to be tested to see what effects drugs, products, or foods have on our society. A second opinion humans have, is that animal testing is a cruel and inhumane, torturous act, and should not be done to anyone or anything, no matter what the benefit might be to the human species (Contributor, 2012). Animal Testing Funds The United States government spends up to the sum of $14. 5 billion in a year in any research involving experimentation on animals. These experiments will often lead to death or unwarranted consequences for the animals involved. Some projects are funded for decades by the siphoning of the US taxpayers dollars and resulting in cruel treatment and deaths of an unfathomable number of animals. About 47% of research grants have an animal research-based component according to NIH, National Institutes of Health, and documents. The number has been very consistent over the last decade (Newcomer, 2013). Where do companies get money for testing? Many companies today get their funding for research from the NIH. Other companies also receiving money from the NIH are numerous colleges around the U. S. A. whom are primarily receiving grants to experiment on animals. The NIH is a biomedical research facility located in Bethesda, Maryland. They are part of the United States department of Health and Human Services. These agencies are primarily used to do biomedical and health-related research. NIH uses the Intramural Research Program to conducts scientific research through. 80% of the NIH funding, is used as research grants to outside researchers. They give approximately 500,000 grants to an approximate 325,000 researchers that consists of more than 3000 institutions. In 2010 alone, NIH spent around $10. 7 billion on just clinical research. On top of that, they also spent $7. 4 billion on genetics-related research, $6. 0 billion on prevention research, $5. 8 billion on cancer research, and $5. 7 billion on biotechnology research which almost all include the torture of other species on Earth (Health, 2013). How much does it cost? Each year in the United States, there are approximately 100 million animals that are tormented and killed in experiments conducted to better humans. Much of this cruelty is highly supported by the National Institutes of Health, and the United State government, since the NIH is a department of the government. The NIH allocates a minimum of 40% of its annual research budget just towards animal experimentation. Based on the NIH’s 2010 budget, this accounts for more the $16 billion in US taxpayer money alone (PETA, 2013). Substitutes for Animal Testing There are nearly 50 different alternative methods and testing strategies that have been developed, validated and/or accepted by international regulatory authorities. These non-animal methods usually take less time to complete then using the crude, archaic methods animal testing that they meant to replace. In addition, these methods cost only a fraction of what animal experiments burn through, cash wise, and are not affected by a species differences from humans that make applying test results to humans difficult or impossible (PETA, Alternatives to Animal Testin, 2013). Corrositex Testing Corrositex is a non-animal alternative toxicology test. Although this is not a classical â€Å"in vitro† style test, Corrositex uses a synthetic membrane-based detection system to determine the UN packing group classification of chemicals, consumer products, or other hazardous materials. The results, expressed as a break-through time, correlate well with rabbit dermal corrosively tests. In the Corrositex testing system, a glass vial filled with a chemical detection fluid and is capped by a proprietary bio-barrier membrane. This membrane is designed to mimic the effect of corrosives on living skin. Corrositex measures the time required for a test article to pass through a hydrated collagen matrix and supporting filter membrane (Corrositex, 2010). Technological Advancements The NIH has recognized that animal models do not always accurately predict a drug efficacy in people, and they are starting to support the generation of more reliable and predictive models. The use of different human cell types, in series of combinations, will help generate micro-sized physiological systems which can â€Å"talk to each other† and better address the biological complexities of whole living organisms. This â€Å"human body chip† technology would start to allow scientists to look for specific profiles in cells and would help identify human safe compounds to allow testing on people. This technology represents significant advantages over animal models because it relies on human cells which is more like what they are going to be applied to then the use of a completely different species, and is more likely to be predictive of what happens in people in the product or drugs current form (Society, n. d. ). What happens during testing? The government describes an animal experiment as a â€Å"procedure† that is ‘likely to cause pain, suffering, distress or lasting harm. ’ Many experiments cause extreme suffering, often to the point of the animal’s death. Even when they are not being experimented on, animals suffer stress in laboratories where they are typically kept in barren containers or kennels, often in solitary confinement. After the animals have been used in experiments, they are usually killed to prevent being released and causing an evolutionary process in the wild that was created in the lab (Aid, 2013). Killings Injuries According the U. S. Department of Agriculture, in 2006 there were about 670,000 animals that were used in procedures which did not include more than a momentary pain or distress. About 420,000 were used in procedures in which pain or distress was relieved by anesthesia, while there were 84,000 which were used in studies that would cause pain or distress that would not be relieved. In the UK, research projects are classified as mild, moderate, and substantial which is measured in terms of the suffering that they, the researchers conducting the study, say they may cause. There is also a fourth category of â€Å"unclassified†, which means the animal was anesthetized and killed without recovering consciousness, according to researchers (Ryder, 2013). Subjected to horrible unsafe procedures Research reveals that only 5% to 25% of the animal tests and human results are agreeable! Most of the drugs passed by animal tests are discarded due to the fact that they are useless to humans. The conditions under which the animals are subjected to these human experimentations, have caused tumors in rodents, while the animal test results were declared to be of little relevance for humans! The only explanation being offered for this declaration, is the mere fact that there are anatomical and physiological differences between animals and humans. It is important to note that even though animals are almost always used in cancer research, they never get the human form of cancer which also affects membranes like the lungs. With all that research being done that only yield maybe 5% success, almost 9% of the anesthetized animals in the laboratory die. These animals have a better chance of dying then actually helping us develop something successful. Most medical experts agree that data from animal test cannot be extrapolated safely to human patients without any altercations to the drugs (Buzzle, 2013). Companies using and not using animal testing There are a lot of companies that test on animals that we buy from every day. Some of these companies are 3M, Air Wick, Almay, Band-Aid, Blue Buffalo, Febreze, and the list goes on. There are some companies though that do not test on animals such as Abercrombie Fitch, Absolute Green, Aloe Vera of America, and more. It seems like all the companies we know and buy from use some form of animal testing for their product, and yet there are others companies that we have not have hardly heard of, don’t test on animals. Companies use the warning labels saying â€Å"animal tested† Animal testing by manufacturers seeking to market new products may be used to establish product safety. In some cases, after considering available alternatives, companies determine that animal testing is necessary to assure the safety of their product or ingredient. FDA supports and adheres the provisions of applicable laws regulations, and policies the governing animal testing. FDA supports the developments and uses of alternatives to whole-animal testing, as well as adherence to the most humane methods available with the limits of scientific capabilities when animals are used for testing the safety of cosmetic products (FDA, 2006). Types of animals being tested on, and what is tested on them Researchers use many different types of animals, mice, rabbits, dogs, ferrets, and fish to name a few. The type of animal selected for study often depends solely depends on a combination of factors; previous research involving that animal type, scientific relevance, accessibility, and practical aspects of implementation of the product or item being tested. Government agencies also require that any drugs used in humans needs to be tested in at least two different types of animals, one of which is not able to be a rodent. The reason is that a drug can have very different effects on different species of animals (Nordin, 2009). All the animals used in testing/studies Right now, millions of mice, rats, rabbits, primates, cats, dogs, and other animals are locked inside cold, barren cages in an unfathomable number of laboratories across the country and even the world. Exact numbers are not available because mice, rats, birds, and cold-blooded animals- who make up over 95% of creatures used in experiments, are not covered by even the minimal protections of the Animal Welfare Act and therefore go uncounted (PETA, Animal Testing 101, 2013). Types of products used on animals during testing Mice and rats are forced to inhale toxic fumes, dogs are force-fed pesticides, and rabbits have corrosive chemicals rubbed onto their skin and eyes. Many of these tests are not even required by law, and have often produced inaccurate or misleading results that were pointless towards the end affect when the results had to be tossed and started over for being inaccurate towards the desired end result. Even if a product harms animals, it can still be marketed to consumers. Cruel and deadly toxicity tests are also conducted as a part of the massive regulatory testing programs that often funded by USA taxpayers’ money without them even knowing (PETA, Animal Testing 101, 2013). Conclusion Animal testing should not be something that is taken lightly, where as innocent animals are being tested with harmful products, and it is not fair to them. With our advancements in technologies every day, why are we still using innocent animals to test our products on which in turn may not even give us the results needed or give us false results which makes the tests of those animals useless and obsolete? With people knowing what many of these animals go through, would they sign their own pets up to go through that? Having a heart on this issue is what will end it, animals have lives, should be able to live it in their nature desired ways that is unaffected by humans.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Assignment - Essay Example With this, an artist can choose a particular period of time which he wants to reflect in his art and his audience can easily identify this period of art by looking at his painting. Motion, on the other hand, refers to an artist’s ability to give the illusion of movement in his piece of art, even if in reality the piece of art is not moving. A closer examination of his art reveals that most of his work, though still expressed some form of motion. This can be attributed to his unique form of painting, which involved pouring, and dripping paint on canvas (Poich 1). By doing this, Pollock’s pieces of art, such as the Blue Poles (1953) and the Number 8 (1949), give a sense of motion as the paint seems as though it is moving across the canvas. While observing these two pieces of art, one can almost feel the frenzied energy of the different colors of paint as they are pulled by gravity. Pollock’s paintings can be assumed to demonstrate the interaction of the dripping paint to the canvas, which represents it’s surrounding. With relation to time, Pollock’s pieces of art were known to capture a specific period of time with which the artist had a passion towards. His painting, The Moon-Woman Cuts the Circle (1943), is an example of the artist’s use of time in his pieces of art. Based on a North American Indian myth, his audience can relate to the story of the Indian woman (Poich 1). The audience can see the vibrant nature of the woman in the painting, as well as, illustrates the power that she holds, and for that reason, examines femininity from a different perspective. Additionally, this is relatable to the story behind the woman in the painting, thus capturing a moment in time that was important to Pollock as an artist. In art, texture refers to the feel of a surface and can be either implied or actual. Most artists use texture to provide variation in their pieces of art, thus helping their audience in identifying the different components of a piece of art.

Milestone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Milestone - Essay Example He notes that, â€Å"Western civilization is unable to present any healthy values for the guidance of mankind (Qutb, 1964, Pg. 1)†. It must be noted that the book was written at a time when America as well as the rest of the world was going through numerous changes that were going towards shaping the modern economic systems, the modern governmental systems and the manner in which civilization was to take shape. The 60s was a formative decade indeed since the affects of the Second World War had been shaken off by most of the world and the countries which had gained independence after the Second World War were just beginning to stand on their own feet. However, many such nations in the Middle East, Africa and Asia were struggling with the changes that were being forced upon them. In this context, the war between the western allies who promoted a democratic system and the communist nations of the world often drew in other non aligned nations who had no particular ideology to hold on to. In this scenario, Qutb (1964) presents his ideas of leading Islamic nations through the means of following a new path which is based on the Holy Scriptures of Islam and the examples set down by the followers of Muhammad who were with him in his life. In fact, it was this book itself which was used to prove in an Egyptian court that Qutb was engaged in sedition against the ruling government and was executed for conspiring against the state (Wikipedia. 2008). The primary point made by Qutb (1964) is that the Muslims have lost their way which was shown to them through the Quran and the words of the prophet. In essence, it seems that instead of taking a modern viewpoint on Islam, Qutb favors something which is closer to a fundamentalist approach to Islam in order to bring Muslims closer to how the prophet and his companions lived their lives (Wikipedia. 2008). In his view, the Quran itself is not seen as metaphysical or theological work but as a code of rules which should be

Compare and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when Essay - 1

Compare and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when using Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US) when imaging a pregnant patient - Essay Example In the process recommendations of how to reduce and ameliorate these risks are critiqued and examined A computed tomography (CT) scan utilises x-rays to provide detailed pictures of structured inside the body of pregnant women (WebMD, 2013). The process is done by getting a pregnant woman to lie on a table that is attached to a CT scanner which is round with an inner-hollow (Romans, 2010; Prokop & Galanski, 2013). The scanner sends x-rays throughout the body and the pictures are studied appropriately (Kalender, 2011). The rotation comes with pictures that are captured and saved on a computer that can be retrieved or printed. CT Scans present more detailed and thorough pictures and images of the area of interest in a medical study or examination (Patient UK, 2014). The system uses conventional radiology and as such, it opens a patient up to the risks of other x-ray systems and processes (DeMaio, 2010; Buzug, 2008). CT Scans opens up a pregnant woman to various risks of radiation during the process, however, the amount of radiation that a pregnant woman will be exposed to varies. Some authorities identify that a patient taking a pregnancy related scan will be exposed to 6.6mSv of radiation which is approximately three years’ worth of background radiation (NHS Choices, 2013). This is obviously very high and could expose a pregnant woman and a foetus to some dangerous levels of radiation. There are various levels of risks that foetuses are directly exposed to during CT scans. The level is examined in a study by Marx et al on the Uterine Radiation Dose (MRAD). The head is exposed to under 50 MRAD, the Thorax is exposed to 10-590 MRADs, the Abdomen, 2800 – 4,600 MRADs whilst the Pelvis is exposed to 1,940-5,000 MRADs (Marx, Lockberger, Walls, & Adams, 2013). However, the inherent benefit is that it is quick and accurate and it is often the best way to check a patient

Individual Learning Log Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Individual Learning Log - Essay Example Thus social enterprises are an established business concept and help the economy grow (Kerlin, 2009). It is easier for social enterprises to collaborate within themselves than to collaborate with other small and medium scale enterprises. Due to their activities, social enterprises are better established via informal contacts than through formal support since the community is their main client and sponsor (Kerlin, 2009). Major activities in the goals of social enterprises are sustainability and capacity development. This may be hard when it comes to practice since most businesses exist for commercial goals. Thus conflicts may arise since social and environmental responsibilities are the major goals for any social enterprise. Integration with the local community helps solve these conflicts (Paton, 2003). Small and medium enterprises have more in common with social enterprises. They all start small and grow through some steps in growth. These all start from creativity with a need to serve the community thorough provision of missing services. As with the case of social enterprises, they seek to provide essential service to the needy in society (Bull & Ridley-Duff, 2011). Those who run social enterprise are best known as social entrepreneurs. They differ from other entrepreneurs in that their mind set is not focused primarily in making profits but rather integrating the business with the community (Bull & Ridley-Duff, 2011). Most entrepreneurs are innovators and do not follow the standard way of doing things hence are disruptive. So for social entrepreneurs, they should be managers or look for managers to run the social enterprise. A manger of the social enterprise should strive to ensure that the business is sustainable and that the enterprise aspect is upheld. Most funding comes from donations and entrepreneurial activities and not from equity investments. This means that there are no major shareholders that run the finances of

Methods of Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Methods of - Research Paper Example Approximately 76% of firms in different geographical areas use social networking to achieve their marketing strategy. Retailers have achieved 133% increases in profit through the mobile market and thus they promote social media. An approximated 40% of United States shoppers usually use their Smartphone to buy products online and thus becoming a need than a want. There is a gap that exists while investing in social media marketing. Messages are shared in the social network concerning the brands and services offered by a certain firm and thus they are passed from user to user. This means that the company only posted once in the site for example, in the Facebook which has millions users. The messages and images of the brands are available to the third person without his or her request that he or she wants the brands but they are going to be posted. This means that the firm that posted the brands once does not need to keep on monitoring who has been interacting with their site. Through t he use of social media they can use the strategy of winning a prize or the first individual who can share and like the brands in the firm can win a prize or get the brand of his or her choice at a discounted rate. This is a gap that many companies have never thought about it but play a significant role in social media marketing. Based on the research done by Mangold and Faulds (2009), though investing in social media is costly, it plays a significant role in marketing for example, brand awareness is attained. Social media is a tool that creates competition in the market since different companies use the technology to advertise their products through such media. For example the use of Facebook, YouTube, twitter, Google and LinkedIn among others. One of the notable aspects to note while educating an individual who want to use social media marketing is that it is generally expensive. However, in reality it plays a significant role in making sure that awareness of the

Compare and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when Essay - 1

Compare and contrast the possible biological risks and hazards when using Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US) when imaging a pregnant patient - Essay Example In the process recommendations of how to reduce and ameliorate these risks are critiqued and examined A computed tomography (CT) scan utilises x-rays to provide detailed pictures of structured inside the body of pregnant women (WebMD, 2013). The process is done by getting a pregnant woman to lie on a table that is attached to a CT scanner which is round with an inner-hollow (Romans, 2010; Prokop & Galanski, 2013). The scanner sends x-rays throughout the body and the pictures are studied appropriately (Kalender, 2011). The rotation comes with pictures that are captured and saved on a computer that can be retrieved or printed. CT Scans present more detailed and thorough pictures and images of the area of interest in a medical study or examination (Patient UK, 2014). The system uses conventional radiology and as such, it opens a patient up to the risks of other x-ray systems and processes (DeMaio, 2010; Buzug, 2008). CT Scans opens up a pregnant woman to various risks of radiation during the process, however, the amount of radiation that a pregnant woman will be exposed to varies. Some authorities identify that a patient taking a pregnancy related scan will be exposed to 6.6mSv of radiation which is approximately three years’ worth of background radiation (NHS Choices, 2013). This is obviously very high and could expose a pregnant woman and a foetus to some dangerous levels of radiation. There are various levels of risks that foetuses are directly exposed to during CT scans. The level is examined in a study by Marx et al on the Uterine Radiation Dose (MRAD). The head is exposed to under 50 MRAD, the Thorax is exposed to 10-590 MRADs, the Abdomen, 2800 – 4,600 MRADs whilst the Pelvis is exposed to 1,940-5,000 MRADs (Marx, Lockberger, Walls, & Adams, 2013). However, the inherent benefit is that it is quick and accurate and it is often the best way to check a patient

Methods of Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Methods of - Research Paper Example Approximately 76% of firms in different geographical areas use social networking to achieve their marketing strategy. Retailers have achieved 133% increases in profit through the mobile market and thus they promote social media. An approximated 40% of United States shoppers usually use their Smartphone to buy products online and thus becoming a need than a want. There is a gap that exists while investing in social media marketing. Messages are shared in the social network concerning the brands and services offered by a certain firm and thus they are passed from user to user. This means that the company only posted once in the site for example, in the Facebook which has millions users. The messages and images of the brands are available to the third person without his or her request that he or she wants the brands but they are going to be posted. This means that the firm that posted the brands once does not need to keep on monitoring who has been interacting with their site. Through t he use of social media they can use the strategy of winning a prize or the first individual who can share and like the brands in the firm can win a prize or get the brand of his or her choice at a discounted rate. This is a gap that many companies have never thought about it but play a significant role in social media marketing. Based on the research done by Mangold and Faulds (2009), though investing in social media is costly, it plays a significant role in marketing for example, brand awareness is attained. Social media is a tool that creates competition in the market since different companies use the technology to advertise their products through such media. For example the use of Facebook, YouTube, twitter, Google and LinkedIn among others. One of the notable aspects to note while educating an individual who want to use social media marketing is that it is generally expensive. However, in reality it plays a significant role in making sure that awareness of the

Punctuality and Time Essay Example for Free

Punctuality and Time Essay Advantages: If we be punctual, we can finish up our work at right time. Punctuality checks unnecessary wastage of time. Time is very valuable for us. We can save it only by punctuality. Time and tide wait for none. Seconds, minutes, hours and days pass by in right order. There is a maxim We should hold the time by the forelock. If we be punctual, a single second of us will never go waste. The English men are very punctual. They put on wrist-watches to exercise punctuality. But we, the Indian put on wrist-watches only as ornaments for show. We cannot progress. If we do not be punctual. Punctuality helps us in our progress. It also saves money in other ways. There is a saying. A stitch in time saves nine. So, if we take our food punctually, we will never be sick and so we will never have to spend money on medicines and doctors or to worry our near and dear ones in this connection. And this principle applies well in all other cases. Conclusion: Everybody should be punctual in his everyday life. Every students should make a habit of punctuality. The people who have become great in their lives are very punctual. Punctuality is the first condition for becoming great in life. So, punctuality should be the motto in our life. We should not only be punctual ourselves but also advise others to be punctual. Related Articles.

Will The Internet Drown The Travel Agents Tourism Essay

Will The Internet Drown The Travel Agents Tourism Essay November 2009, Budget travel the largest tour operator in Ireland ceased trading and closed the remaining 17 of total 31 retail shops. The company was established in May 1975 and had a 30% share of the market. The internet is a tidal waveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. It will wash over the computer industry and many others, drowning those who dont learn to swim in its waves. (Bill Gates, 1995) Travel agents used to be the purchase channel between the travellers and the suppliers; now travellers can bypass the travel agents and purchase directly from the suppliers by using the internet. Will the internet drown the travel agents, like Bill Gates predicted, or will they learn to swim in its waves? A lot of research in this area has focused on how travellers and suppliers use the internet to eliminate the middle man, this research examines how travel agents are evolving and surviving this disintermediation. This dissertation is important to the middle men (the travel agents) and will examine what future, if any, they have and what form that future will take. Also this is important to future researchers, due to the lack of recent research literatures on this topic. Background to Study Currently travellers demand more and higher quality travel services, products, information and value for their money. The internet serves as a new form of communication and distribution channel for the traveller and travel service suppliers. It enables tourism suppliers to improve their competitiveness and performance, by cutting out the middle man, bringing more profit to the tourism suppliers and allowing suppliers to provide lower fare to the travellers. Before the internet, travellers had to book though travel agents. These bookings typically consisted of a large range of bundled products; each of the products within the booking was presented to the traveller in a sequential fashion. For example, the start of the trip would almost certainly consist of a flight product; at the destination airport the traveller would possibly collect their hire car and they would then go on to their pre-booked hotel. The industry relies on linking various products from various sources at specific times and locations to create a coherent package or product for the traveller. As Longhi (2008) stated, the value chain of the travel and tourism industry could traditionally be split into five main types of actors or participants (Figure 1): Figure 1 The Travel and Tourism Industry Supplier Chain Suppliers GDS Tour operators Travel agents Traveller Suppliers and service providers. Global Distribution Systems (GDS), such as Galileo, Sabre and Amadeus, used for reservations, information search, client management and reporting. Tour operators, who bundle the tourism products from suppliers. Travel agencies, which distribute the different products from services providers and tour operators to the consumer. Travellers, the actual customers. In contrast to the traditional model above, the internet provides a way for tourism suppliers to sell their products globally to potential travellers. For these suppliers, this model represents lower distribution costs, access to a much larger market and therefore higher potential revenues. For travellers, it represents an ability to communicate directly with tourism suppliers and to purchase what they wish when they wish to; with no recourse to a middleman. To some researchers, online booking sites significantly reduce the importance of travel agencies, a trend that could ultimately result in the permanent removal of travel agents from the supplier chain (Barnett and Standing, 2001). However, Palmer and McCole (1999) argue that travel agencies provide personal information and advice to traveller and that this is their key strength. There has been a significant amount of research on how the internet has changed the way travellers purchase products, but very little has been conducted on how the internet impacts the intermediaries travel agents. With the trend towards disintermediation, the elimination of the middle men between the suppliers and the consumers, travel agents would seem to be facing extinction. Bennett(1992) claims that changes to information technology in the travel industry over the past few years have worked primarily in favour of the suppliers and at the expense of the travel agents. Caywood, Loverseed and Murray (1999) support this view and suggest that these changes are aimed at encouraging travellers to bypass travel agents altogether. It is certainly undeniable that the internet is providing the means for suppliers and consumers to communicate directly. Figures available from the Irish Central Statistic Office indicate that over the past 4 years, the number of travellers booking online has increased dramatically and, by the same token, the number booking through travel agents has substantially decreased. Number of Trips by Irish Residents (Thousand) Travel Agent Internet 2006 1729 5510 2009 1046 7496 Despite these statistics, travel agents still exist within the marketplace. The fact that they are still here means that they are somehow managing to compete with the internet. A number of arguments have been put forward to suggest why travel agents are still surviving and also what they need to do to continue to compete and flourish. Lowerngart and Reichal (1998) claim that there are opportunities available to travel agents provided they focus on specific markets and specialise their activities. Waksberg (1997) argued that travel agents should move from a focus on transaction processing to the provision of consultative services. Lovelock (1992) claims that travel agents will need to expand their advisory function and concentrate on the provision of information and details that are not available to the traveller through the internet. Beirne (1999) suggests that travel agents should become consumer advocates, finding the best deals for the traveller. The Research Questions The primary research objective is to recognize how the internet is changing the travel industry and what strategies or techniques travel agents are adopting to evolve and sustain their positions. The key research question maybe posed as How does the internet impact travel agents? From the key question than expand to sub questions as following: How has the internet changed the business of travel agents? What threats does the internet present for travel agents? How are travel agents using the internet to run and improve their businesses? In what ways are travel agents competing with online travel providers? How will travel agents utilize the internet in the future to enhance their business operations and increase their profits? Timeframe of the Study The study was conducted over a nine months period from December 2010 to August 2010. The initial proposal was established during December to February, when the research topic was decided. The main body of work commenced in March 2010. Roadmap of Chapters The dissertation is split in to five major chapters followed by reference, bibliography and appendices. A summary of the subsequent chapters is outlined below: Chapter 2 contains a brief history of travel reservation system, as well as a discussion on existing research in the area and predictions concerning the future of travel agents. Chapter 3 discusses what methodological approach has been taken, the methods used to design and develop the research instruments, detailing the rationale for selection of the focus group, interview and online survey questions. Chapter 4 contains analysis on the primary secondary data and the findings. Chapter 5 presents the conclusion of the research and future work needed in this area. Chapter 2 literature review 2.1 Introduction November 2009, Budget travel the largest tour operator in Ireland ceased trading and closed the remaining 17 of total 31 retail shops. The company was established in May 1975 and had a 30% share of the market. This chapter sets out to examine how travel agents operated before the widespread use of the internet. It contrasts this historic, or traditional, mode of operation with the way that they operate today; placing particular emphasis on how the internet has directly impacted travel agents in the modern marketplace. There is a lack of recent and current research on this very specific topic, as a result most articles cited within this chapter are quite old. However, the lack of pertinent articles is also indicative of the importance of this research. This chapter draws on selected research identified during the literature review. It outlines the relationship between the internet and travel agents and it is from this literature review that the research questions for this dissitation emerged. 2.2 Exploratory Research A list of relevant articles and other sources were initially established through searches in selected computer science, communications and social sciences databases. Additional articles were found by following references from the initial list to their sources. The following databases were searched for the keywords Travel agents, Internet vs. Travel agents, Reservation system, Distribution channel, Tourism and travel, Information system, survival of the middle man and travel agency. Electronic journals http://atoz.ebsco.com IEEE Online Journal Index http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/periodicals.jsp Stella catalogue http://stella.catalogue.tcd.ie/iii/encore/home?lang=eng Science Direct http://www.sciencedirect.com Emerald http://www.emeraldinsight.com.elib.tcd.ie/ SAGE Journals Online http://online.sagepub.com.elib.tcd.ie ISI Web of knowledge http://apps.isiknowledge.com.elib.tcd.ie Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com Fig 2 Selected database table 2.3 History Any discussion on the history of the travel industry is necessarily complicated by large scale conflicts or wars. These are events which profoundly restrict any and all international travel, effectively shutting down the travel industry. For this reason, this document will consider the history of travel industry from the late 1940s onwards. Events prior to this are outside of the scope of this research. During the period under discussion, the late 1940s, travellers were few and fares were tightly regulated. The customer would telephone the travel agent, giving them details of the required travel arrangements. The agents would then call or telex the suppliers, on receiving these details the supplier would store them on a reservation card and then file that card. The number of air travellers steadily increased during the late 1940s and 1950s, in response to this; the airline schedules grew more complex. The existing simplistic system of booking travel products had to evolve to meet the increased size and complexity of the travel marketplace. In 1959, IBM developed a Computer Reservation System (CRS, also known as a Global Distribution System (GDS)) called Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE). Initially developed for American Airlines, it was an answer to the problem of how to scale the reservation process to match the increased demand for travel. By 1964 it was the largest civil data processing system in the world (DUNCAN G.1995). Other airlines followed suit and introduced their own CRS or GDS systems. To book an air itinerary, travel agents had to call a reservation agent within the specific airline; the airline reservation agent would then make the flight reservation though a GDS terminal. The travel agent would then book any other additional travel products, such as hotel accommodation or a rental car, again using the telephone. This process created constrain on the travel agents, so they began pushing for a system that could automate their side of the process. In 1976 all airlines start grant travel agents access to their reservation system, allow agents to book ticket through their systems directly. At the same time in the UK , British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the worlds first multi-access reservation system, it has 49 airlines subscribing to it, it enable the travel agents and airlines communicate via a common distribution language and networks. From its success Travicom start implement similar system in different country, later when British Airline chose to participate in the development of the Galileo system ; Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK and a migration process was put in place to move agencies from Travicom to Galileo (B. Schmid, 1994). By the end of the 1990s there are nine major GDS of which 6 are still been used today. The GDS allow travel agent to a ccess its data using a terminal window through the network. Now travel agents can book flights directly with the GDS, they quickly realised that the computer terminals they are using everyday could be a convenient tool for booking other services as well. The GDS soon realised to fulfil the travel agents requirements; they need to add booking capabilities for rent cars, accommodations and other travel products (HSMAI Marketing Review, 1996). Finally travel agents can now book itinerary though one source within a network. When the internet becomes more and more popular, airlines and travel agents like other corporations start to use internet to improve their business. All GDSs can now be accessed through internet, travel agents can simply log on to the GDSs website to make search and reservation, most of the communications are done by email, the internet allows the travel agents operate more efficient. It also enables airlines to discard paper tickets, allow travellers to check in online, and travel agents will no longer has to worry about if the paper ticket will not reach the traveller on time. At the same time the internet also enable the traveller to book trips bypass the travel agents (Jo Cheyne et. Al, 2005). 2.3 Existing research of internet and travel agents Examining the key findings of some of the major studies on the relationship between the internet and travel agents. 2.3.1 The advent of the internet and disintermediation in the travel industry The internet has changed the traditional distribution channels; various studies have shown how well the internet is suited to the travel and tourism industry (Buhalis and Licate, 2002; Chirstian, 2001). With advent of the internet, suppliers can provide information on their products online, timely, up to date, to the travellers to assist their decision making. This , in turn, necessitates the balancing of perishable tourism products and changeable tourist demand, furthermore, the tourism industry is diversified, with a plethora of different suppliers that operate independently, even as tourists expect travelling to be complete experience. The resolve this mismatch, the internet offers an effective means for developing a single and sustainable electronic infrastructure for information gathering and business transactions for both travellers and suppliers. A natural outcome of this is that the suppliers can carry out one-to one marketing and mass customization. In other words, travel su pplier an now understand each customers needs, and therefore target each customer individually and deliver tailor-made products. More importantly, travel suppliers can understand how to deliver information and sell their products and services to customers directly through their website (Law, 2002). Travel services and product suppliers see the internet as an opportunity to save money on distribution costs. Inkpen (1998) stated that the internet allows the suppliers to sell their product directly to the travellers, bring them a significant cost savings. As Law (2000) contends that the internet allows the tourism suppliers to control and update their service remotely with electric speed, reaching global travellers anywhere, anytime. The benefits of an online website bring lower distribution cost, higher profit, and larger share of the market to the tourism suppliers. For the travellers, the internet allows them to bypass the travel agents, book directly with the chosen suppliers anytime, anywhere (Olmeda and Sheldon, 2001). The suppliers can reach the travellers directly, which allow suppliers reduce cost on distribution channel, hence cheaper price are offered to the travellers, this seems like a Win-Win situation for the travellers and the suppliers, which bring uncertainty to the future of the travel agents. 2.3.2 Advantage of the internet for travellers Jo Cheyne et al (2006) attested that travel agents are the key intermediary between travel suppliers and travellers; with the advent of the internet travellers and suppliers could interact directly, internet offer more information then travel agents and often provide cheaper price. Long (2000) summaries it in 4 points: The internet provide convenient and instant access for availability enquiries and bookings at times when consumers want o research and purchase travel Ability to access easily information that is detailed and also up to date, helping decision making. A cost advantage in purchasing travel online as results of the market becoming more competitive, as well as the ability for consumers to take advantage of substantial online discounts that cannot be obtained via any other traditional distribution channels and possible cost advantages for consumers as result of decreased distribution cost Avoid travel agent fees and charges. 2.3.3 Disadvantage of the internet for consumers Lang (2000) also identified the disadvantages that stop customers purchase online: Difficulty in finding the website and information they require Time consuming Online security issues Information overload Lack of trust in the technology Lack of human interaction Standing and Vasudanvan (1999) indicated that some researchers are mainly focusing on the impact of internet and threats of disintermediation, there are very littler work carried out on the strategies travel agents has adopted and the internet marketing models they are using. A large survey of Australian travel agencies website has been carried out, the findings shows that the major of agencies use internet as a yellow pages or online holiday brochure, a small percentage of websites allow the travellers to make booking, around half of the website capture the data on the travellers, but only few captured the traveller email address. The paper also suggested that travel agents should use internet as a marketing tool. 2.3.2 Implications of the internet for travel agents The internet has changed the traditional distribution channels; customers can buy products directly from the suppliers anytime anywhere. Travel services and product suppliers see the internet as an opportunity to save money on distribution costs. Inkpen (1998) stated that the internet allows the suppliers to sell their product directly to the travellers, bring them a significant cost savings. As Law (2000) contends that the internet allows the tourism suppliers to control and update their service remotely with electric speed, reaching global travellers anywhere, anytime. The benefits of an online website bring lower distribution cost, higher profit, and larger share of the market to the tourism suppliers. For the travellers, the internet allows them to bypass the travel agents, book directly with the chosen suppliers anytime, anywhere (Olmeda and Sheldon, 2001). The suppliers can reach the travellers directly, which allow suppliers reduce cost on distribution channel, hence cheaper p rice are offered to the travellers, this seems like a Win-Win situation for the travellers and the suppliers, which bring uncertainty to the future of the travel agents. Lawton and Weaver (2009) did in-depth interviews with 19 owners of successful US-based travel agencies, the paper did SWOT analysis over the 19 travel agencies, and identified that the negative public perceptions of travel agencies is the main external threat. 2.3.2 Demands for travel agents One of the most recent study on this topic, tried to identify the tourist perceptions of the potential for the elimination of travel agencies in the presence of the internet. Law et al (2004) conducted a questionnaire on selected experienced travellers, who had visited at least one travel Web site were asked to participate. The answers of 413 travellers on preference on book through internet-based or traditional distribution channels were analysed. The results show that travellers still ask travel agents for advice and their professional services. The paper proposed that from the findings both online and travel agents can coexist in the future. This is probably the most cited recent piece of research on the relationship between travel agents and internet, although some of its findings have subsequently been contested, it must still be regarded as one of the seminal works in the area. Jo Cheyne et al (2006) attested that travel agents are the key intermediary between travel suppliers and travellers; with the advent of the internet travellers and suppliers could interact directly. Main finding was the factors that influence travellers choices on using a travel agent or the internet when booking an over sea holiday, the factors are: services reliability, managing complex itinerary, guarantee, attractive deal and payment security. 2.3.2 The changing roles of travel agents Lowerngart and Reichal (1998) claim that there are opportunities available to travel agents provided they focus on specific markets and specialise their activities. Waksberg (1997) argued that travel agents should move from a focus on transaction processing to the provision of consultative services. Lovelock (1992) claims that travel agents will need to expand their advisory function and concentrate on the provision of information and details that are not available to the traveller through the internet. Beirne (1999) suggests that travel agents should become consumer advocates, finding the best deals for the traveller. Michael Bloch and Arie Segev (1997) has contend travel agents should adopt the IKEA concept, the Swedish furniture giant transformed from a traditional store to a family destinations, with restaurant, kids play ground ,etc. Travel agents can do the same, with each area set to different destinations, or type of travel products. Each area has an information point, that t ravel agents could provide information on the particular destinations, supported by video clips of the main attractions. The experience of shopping might be the only thing that internet could not replicate. 2.3.5 Importance of internet technology for travel agents Barnett and Standing (2000) have identified two major threats that the internet has on the traditional travel agents; they are disintermediation of retail agencies by the product suppliers, and the emergence of new online intermediaries. It argues that the traditional travel agents are not aligned with the demand of new travel economy, travel agents has to establish web present. Standing and Vasudanvan (1999) indicated that some researchers are mainly focusing on the impact of internet and threats of disintermediation, there are very littler work carried out on the strategies travel agents has adopted and the internet marketing models they are using. A large survey of Australian travel agencies website has been carried out, the findings shows that the major of agencies use internet as a yellow pages or online holiday brochure, a small percentage of websites allow the travellers to make booking, around half of the website capture the data on the travellers, but only few captured the traveller email address. The paper also suggested that travel agents should use internet as a marketing tool. 2.5 Research questions and objectives

Who is the monster - Frankenstein or his creation? Essay -- English Li

Who is the monster - Frankenstein or his creation? "Frankenstein" written by Mary Shelly, was first published in 1818. The book has sold millions of copies and has become deeply rooted in today's society by films and other versions of the books. The main bulk of the story is about Victor Frankenstein's horrendous adventure. However there are sub-plots throughout the story, Robert Walton's journey to the North Pole, and the time the monster spends with the DeLacy family. The definition of a monster is, "something of unusual size or appearance, a huge terrifying creature or an evil person." [Chambers School Dictionary] All of these definitions can be related to both Frankenstein and the creation. To the creation, a huge terrifying creature and of unusual size and appearance, and to Frankenstein an evil person, powered by his hatred of the monster. Mary Shelly's life was very similar to the story of "Frankenstein". Her child, also called William, died at a young age. Her mother died at childbirth and possibly gave the sense of abandonment felt by the creation, "My person was hideous and my stature gigantic. What did this mean? Who was I? What was I? Whence did I come? What was my destination? These questions continually recurred, but I was unable to solve them." This showed that the monster was confused about himself, yet had nobody to ask and to confide in. Much like Mary Shelly. When Mary was writing Frankenstein she was reading a book called Emile by John Jacques Rousseau. In this text, Rousseau argued that men are by nature harmless, (i.e. children are naturally innocent) but are made cruel by society, thought the things they have done to them. Rousseau's quote was, "Men become monsters because... ...e a second monster, the bride for the creation. However half way through Frankenstein destroyed the corpse and thus angered the monster further, when Frankenstein could have had the monster out of his life for all eternity. This is also a good example of Frankenstein's selfishness as it shows that he was only thinking about himself as he believes that the creation well use this second monster to reek havoc upon the world, "Three years before, I was engaged in the same manner and created a fiend whose unparalleled barbarity [Once again we see that he is being biased towards the monster as he never tried to reason with the monster and any time.] had desolated my heart and filled it forever with the bitterest remorse. I was now to form another being of whose dispositions I was alike ignorant; she might become ten thousand times more malignant that her mate".