Impact of Debt Servicing on Economic Growth

Effect of Debt Servicing on Economic Growth Conceptual The outside obligation has become a key issue for Pakistan. Pakistan has immense obligation to pay, which likewise involves intrigue installment on the credit acquired. It adds weight to the economy of Pakistan. Government through various methods attempt to pay these credits. In this paper we have broke down the effect of obligation overhauling on financial development, for example regardless of whether obligation adjusting decidedly or adversely influence the monetary development. The information gathered for this reason ranges from 1982 to 2008. We have use relapse test and discover that obligation overhauling is decidedly affecting the development of Pakistan. Watchwords: Debt Servicing, Economic Growth, GDP, Human Capital, Labor Force Presentation Numerous specialists have concentrated on the connection between outside obligation and development, and what is the effect of outer obligation on economy. It likewise continues to draw in extensive enthusiasm from market analysts and policymakers. A lot of research has been completed on this point and significant writing is additionally accessible, yet few have directed research on the effect of obligation overhauling on monetary development. The conditions and the financing costs on which the advance is given can differ from giver to benefactor. Powerless economies because of low income age can't meet their costs and need to pick up advance from global money related organizations or need to give Treasury bills. When they get credit they use it in the improvement extends and create income, anyway on development, Government doesn't need to reimburse just the chief measure of advance yet additionally need to pay measure of enthusiasm on it. Global Financial Institutions like World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank are the main giver offices. They give advance on hard and delicate conditions relying on the FICO score of the nation. The conversation is continuing for a section of time, regardless of whether obligation procured by the loaner nation, encourages it in boosting the monetary development or the conditions inferred by the benefactor brings down the financial development. The higher obligation administration installments can likewise effectsly affect the arrangement of open spending by limiting the measure of assets accessible for framework and human capital, which effectsly affect development. On the off chance that outer obligation administration is limited it could build development through open speculation. (Clemets et al, 2003). (Cholifihani, 2008) talk about the connection between Public obligation administration and GDP. He utilized a creation work model which estimated GDP as a component of obligation administration, capital stock, work and human capital in which all information are spoken to by consistent neighborhood money unit. He thinks of the outcome that Indonesia faces an obligation overhang issue over the long haul since expanding the open outer obligation administration eases back financial development. The target of this examination paper is to decide the effect of obligation overhauling on the monetary development of Pakistan; which should be looked into as these measurements are not concentrated before particularly with regards to Pakistan. Research study will be carried based on information accessible of the obligation adjusting and financial development. Writing Review Creating nations face the issue of obligation overhauling on the monetary development which makes additional weight on the economies. For nations who would prefer not to print cash and have lo age of assessment income will choose obtaining cash. In the same way as other different LDCs, Pakistan being one of creating nation has amassed enormous obligation trouble and constantly made obligation adjusting installments to the loan specialists which at last influences the financial situation of the nation. Obligation Borrowing need to accelerate the monetary development especially when local budgetary assets are insufficient to address and issue the additional assets. Hypothesis of Economic additionally expresses that sensible degrees of advance quicken economy and past a specific level it influences the economy contrarily. The key factor is that nations in early long periods of improvement have low degrees of capital stock and furthermore the venture chances are lower. Numerous scientists have frequently contended that getting nations if put the assets into profitable improvement programs, they positively would appreciate Macroeconomic strength. This outcomes in bringing down the obligation commitments and increment in the monetary development. (Blavy, 2006) direct an examination over Jamaica, in which he accentuation on diverting the obligation into beneficial speculation. He likewise expresses that significant level of obligation is straightforwardly identified with low degree of development. (Krugman 1988) characterize obligation overhang a circumstance where the normal reimbursement on outer obligation misses the mark regarding authoritative estimation of obligation. On the off chance that a countrys obligation level is foreseen to build the countrys reimbursement capacity with some likelihood later on, expected obligation administration is probably going to be a boosting capacity of the countrys yield level. Venture from local and outside financial specialists is discouraged which brings about easing back of the monetary development. As such, Krugman theory expresses that obligation overhang is halfway because of the weight of remote obligation and that venture will be moderate bringing about poor development execution. The most generally utilized marker to communicate obligation is level of GNP or obligation adjusting as a level of fares and financial shortage for both outside and inward (S.P Gupta, 1994). Rising obligation restrains the capacity of a nation to fund essential imports and to start new improvement ventures. Paper centers around certain nations due to their low per capita salary reliance intensely on scarcely any essential items for trade profit. The vast majority of the tasks were intended to improve household industry as opposed to expanding sends out straightforwardly, idea was that national economies would develop after some time and furthermore the fare creation, and sensible patterns in trade costs would permit the obligation administration commitments (Joshua Greene, 1989). .The greater part of the low salary nations that face the issue of spending shortage have frail local structure. They get advance through International Financial Institutions like World Bank, International Monetary Fund and Asian Development Bank and through created nations. IMF giving the obligation on specific conditions likewise requests that they send out essential products. Because of the overabundance flexibly of essential items, costs gets low and income created is low, which can cause issues like obligation overhang for the borrowers country (Michael, 1998). (William Easterly 2002) states the reasons of poor nations turning out to be intensely obligated poor nations. He expresses that Governments who doesn't change markdown rates need to acquire more credits to get obligation alleviation for long haul. The significant issue looked by the nations while paying obligation is the expanding swelling and low development. Reimbursement of outer obligation has appeared to involve a t radeoff among development and expansion (Beatriz et al, 1994). Believability of the nation is additionally a key factor in getting the advance on delicate conditions and low loan costs. Nations with the less reliability needed to pay huge spread on outside obligation and furthermore need to confront unforgiving conditions for acquiring credits. The expansion owing debtors will add to the nation loss of believability (Gupta, 1994). The credit apportioning impact emerges, when borrowers can't reimburse the obligations. Nations increment their loan fees to improve reserve funds which lead to abbreviate the sparing speculation hole, which adversely influence venture and damages financial development. (Wijeweera et al, 2005). Like each nation Pakistan additionally took measures to constrain the inflationary weight and to ensure the intensity of its fares. Indeed there is a time span to work their way through economy, development can be affected if the viability isn't done on schedule (Afxentiou and Serletis, 1996). Ogunmuyiwa, 2011 do an examination in Nigeria, wherein he quantifies the connection between outer obligation and development. He thinks of the outcome that causation among obligation and development in Nigeria is powerless and unimportant, and changes in GDP can't be figure with changes in outside obligation Strategy The condition has been embraced by the Indonesian paper, in this condition we will be accepting GDP as a component of Human Capital, work power and Capital stock. Y=A+B1x1+B2x2+B3x3 Y (GDP) = ÃŽ ± + B1 (Human Capital) +B2 (Capital Stock) + B3 (Labor Force) + â‚ ¬ From the outset, we will check the connection of the factors to the GDP. The amount they are clarifying and are influencing GDP. In Second condition, we will check the connection among GDP and outside obligation adjusting. Condition is; Y=A+B1x1 Y (GDP) = ÃŽ ± + B1 (External Debt Servicing) + â‚ ¬ For this examination, we have secured a time of 1982 to 2008. The information has been gathered from World Bank Catalog. The factors utilized in this investigation are GDP, Capital stock, work power, human capital and obligation adjusting. Information sources are taken from key markers of Asian Development Bank, World Development Indicators distributed by the World Bank. Practically all financial units of factors are in US dollars, while work is communicated by number of individuals. Total national output (GDP) is a reliant variable, while, capital stock, work power, human capital are determinant elements of GDP (Cholifihani, 2008). Variable of salary is spoken to by genuine GDP at 2000 steady costs as GDP better mirrors the autonomous profitable limit of the nation (Cordella, 2005). Capital stock is spoken to by genuine fixed capital stock. Gross domestic product and fix capital stock are taken from World Development Indicators (WDI) distributed by the World Bank. Work power is characterized as utilized individuals. All out individuals working for example utilized work power in employments are gathered from key markers distributed by Asian Development Bank (ADB). Human capital for this situation is spoken to by traini ng use every year. Human capital is significant as it upgrades the economy since this variable incorporates general aptitudes and capacity of work to carry out a responsibility. Outside obligation administration is d

My Public and Private School Experience Professor Ramos Blog

My Public and Private School Experience Photograph by Ã¥' ¨ Ã¥ º · on Pexels.com At the point when I began school I was a kindergartner at Calvary Christian School. It is a non-public school with around 200-300 understudies. I went from kindergarten until my first year was finished. The clothing regulation was a red, white, or blue polo shirt with a Navy Gabardine Box Pleated Jumper or Hamilton Plaid Knife Pleated Jumper for young ladies from kinder to eighth grade. The young men wore similar shirts with Navy Hawthorne Pleated pants from kinder to senior year. When a young lady arrived at ninth twelfth grade they would wear skirts. The school subjects didn't have an assortment to browse. Book of scriptures, Math, History, Science, P.E. what's more, Fine Arts were the principle classes gave. We as a whole took similar classes together while not having the alternative of taking any ap classes. I joined the volleyball crew however because of my evaluations my ninth grade year I was unable to play and I discovered on the most recent day of school that I would need to take summer school or get kept down. My folks didn’t take that well at all and chose to take me out. I was stunned about the news and started to stress over what will occur for the following school year and were I would join in. Fortunately my mother works for the Beaumont school locale and I got transfered over to Beaumont High School on the grounds that at the time we were living in Banning Ca. I realized that getting changed in accordance with another school and individuals would have been nerve wracking however I will increase another experience I never had and I may wind up enjoying it. Beaumont High School had around 2,000-3,000 understudies, no clothing regulation impediments, advisors and an assortment of classes to take. The primary day of secondary school came around I was apprehensive yet energized. At the point when I prepared I wore a highly contrasting shirt with light blue shorts and a few vans. The principal day was somewhat humiliating on the grounds that my fly was down the whole time and I never saw it until I dressed out for P.E. despite the fact that we weren’t even expected to dress out. As the many months passed by I felt progressively agreeable, I became accustomed to it rapidly and made new companions en route. What I found out about decent variety from my perspective was the change and the adjustment I would need to make. I feel that change is excellent in light of the fact that it can enable you to develop, offer new chances, it can show progress and fresh starts. Others have helped me with support about going to state funded school. My family would discuss a few things they experienced. My Aunt Anita specifically disclosed to me that she needed to get changed in accordance with secondary school when she went while being in open every last bit of her life. She said â€Å" Everyone experiences various stages throughout their life and beginning of secondary school is one of them and you will get past it and it will be a breeze as time goes on.† I ponder my circumstance was exceptionally helpful on the grounds that I got a look of what a portion of my family have experienced and furthermore one of my companions that was right now going to Calvary Christian School. Sarah Weeks and I were the main ones that remained at that school until secondary school and we generally thought we were going to graduate together. I went to her graduation and it was insane seeing her up their and acknowledging we are completing secondary school independently. We were both upbeat and pitiful that we didn’t graduate together however above all were still companions and still think back on the seemingly insignificant details that occurred consistently. What I gained the most from going to both of these schools is that you can succeed any place you proceed to in any case learn new things in the process you simply must be resolved any place you proceed to gain from it. I accept that my experience can show others what sort of progress I experienced and it wound up being extremely constructive than I suspected and individuals ought to be available to it in various circumstances and they should step out of their customary range of familiarity once in for a little while in light of the fact that you can pick up something out of it and can likewise share your own story to others whether it be fortunate or unfortunate on the grounds that each experience is unique. I have consistently thought about how extraordinary it would be in the event that I went to state funded school first and in the end being set in a non-public school since it would be an altogether different experience and simply changing in accordance with another routine would set aside effort for me to become acclimated to. My sister was put in tuition based school for about a year and afterward began openly and will keep on going there. She is in the primary evaluation at the present time, yet its intriguing to know how unique both of our encounters were from every others. I would express going to state funded school has helped me gotten open to meeting new individuals and conversing with others. I was exceptionally bashful and to myself more often than not however in the end persuaded the fearlessness to be all the more friendly. I think heading off to the tuition based school for such a long time I was at that point used to everybody so I wasn’t as modest and to myself since I knew a great deal of the individuals at such a youthful age. It was hard from the start since I didn’t know anybody from bhs and I needed to put myself increasingly out there and I truly didn’t need to. By opening myself to others I felt like they were truly understanding who I am and what sort of individual I was which made everything positive. Going to totally various schools is hard yet it is feasible on the off chance that you put yourself out there you may need to change somethings in your every day life than you are utilized to yet it very well may be valuable to you and give you another point of view like the school subjects, clothing regulation and the various kinds of individuals you experience.

Neem Oil Free Essays

NEEM (Azadirachta indica) OIL USED IN AN OIL BURNER AS INCENSE MOSQUITO REPELLENT LEADER: OCAMPO, YSABELLA ASST. Pioneer: BALASOTO, JANUS MEMBERS: ALLASAS, PATRICIA CASTANARES, JASON MIRANDA, CHRISTIAN NEEM (Azadirachta indica) OIL USED IN AN OIL BURNER AS INCENSE MOSQUITO REPELLENT INTRODUCTION Mosquitoes are notable nuisances to the whole human race. Later during the 90s, they found that these arthropods are additionally transporters liable for transmission of annihilating sicknesses to humanity. We will compose a custom exposition test on Neem Oil or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now They transmit infections by benefiting from blood from vertebrates, including us people. As years passed by, many contemplated: the connection between the mosquitoes and the maladies they convey; the potential methods of disposing of or forestalling the spread by these illnesses in zones saw to have countless casualties. Mosquitoes flourish in soggy and moderately warm conditions simply like what Tropical Countries are. Tropical Countries are home to generally number of types of mosquitoes. Our nation, the Philippines, is among the Tropical Countries. Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles are among the most widely recognized types of mosquitoes and they convey a horrendous ailment specifically Dengue, Malaria and Yellow Fever which can murder a human. These ailments are regular yet dangerous illnesses to us and the quantity of casualties are still definitely expanding. This leaves a few specialists contending whether mosquitoes are the most risky creatures to humankind. The normal life expectancy of the female mosquito is three to 100 days; the male mosquito will endure 10 to 20 days, however we are not trusting that the mosquitoes will kick the bucket for us to be sheltered. Neem oil is a characteristic substance separated from the seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), an evergreen local to India. Since a long time ago utilized in specific frameworks of customary medication (such asâ ayurveda), neem oil is thought to offer various advantages when applied to the skin as well as hair. Neem oil contains a few unsaturated fats thought to be gainful to the skin, for example, oleic corrosive and linoleic corrosive. A few defenders additionally propose that neem oil can go about as aâ natural creepy crawly repellent. Known as â€Å"azadirachtins,† certain mixes found in neem oil are thought to have insecticidal properties. (Wong, 2012) In 1994 the Malaria Research Center of Delhi, India tried whether lamp oil lights with 1% Neem oil can shield individuals from mosquito chomps. For that test they consumed the lights in parlors, and from 6 pm to 6 am found the mosquitoes sitting on the dividers and those pulled in to human lure (I. e. volunteers). Neem oil unmistakably decreased the quantity of chomps on the volunteers and furthermore the quantity of mosquitoes got. The insurance was more noteworthy against anopheles species (the ones that transmit intestinal sickness) than against culex. A recent report at a field station at the Malaria Research Center in Ranipur, Hardwar, India tried a blend of 2% neem oil blended in coconut oil. They demonstrated that applying that blend to the skin gave noteworthy insurance from different mosquitoes. It worked best against anophelines, offering 96-100% assurance. The jungle fever transmitting anopheles mosquitoes fall into this gathering. The numbers for different species were 85% for aedes (conveys dengue fever), 61-94% for Culex spp. (can convey West Nile infection) and 35% for Armigeres. In 1996 the Malaria Research Center of Delhi, India did another field preliminary with lamp oil lights in an Indian town. Lamp oil lights with 1% Neem oil were continued consuming from sunset to first light in lounge rooms. They found that the lights kept the mosquitoes out of the lounge rooms and that the jungle fever episodes of the populace dropped significantly (from around ten cases for every thousand individuals to only one for each thousand). When the lights were evacuated, the mosquitoes returned thus did the intestinal sickness. Concerning the wellbeing of this technique another 1996 examination by the Malaria Research Center in Delhi, India tried the impacts of lamp fuel lights with 1% neem oil. Clinical assessment of 156 grown-ups and 110 kids didn't uncover any major antagonistic impacts following one year of presentation to 1% neem oil. This shows depending uponâ what types of mosquito you are managing, viability of utilization changes. For intestinal sickness assurance Neem oil is awesome. In the event that you consolidate the 96-100% security pace of the home made mosquito repellent with consuming Neem oil when sitting outside and wearing reasonable garments you are all around ensured for sure. A. Articulation of the Problem. The quantity of survivors of Malaria, Yellow Fever, and uniquely Dengue is radically expanding as PIA or Philippine Information Agency has affirmed. B. Goal of the Study. This examination intends to know whether the neem oil utilized as incense included with herbs and other sweet-smelling blossoms will be a viable mosquito repellent. The fundamental target of this investigation is to know whether our Neem Oil Incense alongside different herbs will be sufficient to repulse the mosquitoes from our skins and keep them from gnawing us and for to what extent will it have the option to repulse the mosquitoes. C. Centrality of the Study. This examination is huge in taking care of issues relating the sicknesses brought by mosquitoes. The incense will repulse the mosquitoes that convey maladies from the residents living in regions with a huge mosquito populace. We will watch if the quantity of casualties in a particular network will diminish once the incense is inferred and utilized. Since our exploration is pointing if our Neem Oil Incense will be sufficient to keep the mosquitoes from gnawing us, this will enable our locale to diminish casualties of the infamous mosquitoes. Technique A. The essential materials required for this investigation are oil burner and neem oil. Sampaguita and lemon grass will be added to the neem oil to guarantee a fragrant aroma. The sampaguita and lemon grass doesn't really influence the properties of neem in repulsing the mosquitoes. B. Neem oilâ is aâ vegetable oilâ pressed from the leafy foods of the neem (Azadirachta indica), anâ evergreenâ tree which isâ endemicâ to the Indian subcontinentâ and has been acquainted with numerous different territories in the tropics. You can purchase neem oil in Research Agencies like the International Rice Research Institute situated in UPLB, Phil. The sampaguita’s and lemon grass’s juices will be squeezed with 1 ml of water until their juices are removed. The juices of sampaguita and lemon grass will be added to the blend. This will improve the aroma of the neem blend. The blend will be put in the oil burner. We will light the burners for 6-10 hours. There will be 3 enclosures each having two hours of distinction. Pen A’s burner will be lit for 6 hours. Confine B’s burner will be lit for 8 hours. Finally, Cage C’s burner will be lit for 10 hours. We will watch if the quantity of hours the burner will be lit has an incredible impact in the â€Å"repellance† of the neem oil. Since we are pointing on the most proficient method to repulse mosquitoes, we should realize first how to draw in them so as to know how compelling our examination will be. We will bait mosquitoes by putting on sweet-smelling moisturizers or creams. Put resources into flower smelling aromas. To mosquitoes, these items are sweet-resembling blood. These aromas cause the mosquitoes to relate their flower fragrance for a potential blood gracefully. And afterward, as said prior, we will test each pen with various number of hours. REFERENCES: Ways on the best way to draw in a mosquito. Recovered from: (http://www. ehow. com/how_8264153_attract-mosquito. html) Reviews of Related Literature. Recovered from: (http://www. terawet. com/Mosquito_Control_by_Neem. html) Diagram of Comparison. Recovered from: (http://www. doh. gov. ph/destinations/default/documents/2012Den28WMR. pdf) Information about Aedes. Recovered from: (http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Aedes) Information about Anopheles. Recovered from: (http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Anopheles) Information about Culex. Recovered from: (http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Culex) The most effective method to refer to Neem Oil, Papers

How to investigate a critical evaluation of consumer's mobile phone Dissertation

Instructions to explore a basic assessment of buyer's cell phone purchasing conduct with respect to brands in the UK - Dissertation Example ......03 2.2 Relevant Researches†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.05 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...08 3.1 Research Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..08 3.2 Sample†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...09 3.3 Research Tool†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦11 3.4 Data Collection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 3.5 Data Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 3.6 Ethical Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 3.7 Reliability and legitimacy concerns†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦14 3.8 Time scale and Resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 4. Information PRESENTATION AND CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..15 1. Presentation This paper proposes a thesis, exploratory in nature so as to recognize the variables which impact shopper conduct in acquisition of a cell phone among college understudies in London. The principle objective is to concocted a clarification of consumer’s decision conduct considering the variables which impact their inclination of one cell phone over the other. 1.1 Research Aims The motivation be hind this investigation is to investigate customer inclinations if there should arise an occurrence of cell phone buy among the college understudies living in London. The points of this exploration are hence: I. To figure out which cell phone brand is generally famous among college understudies in London. ii. To discover what components impact the inclination decision among college understudies in London while buying a cell phone. 1.2 Research Objectives Following are the destinations for this exploration, intended to provide food the satisfaction of research points as recently referenced: I. To direct a study dependent on an extraordinarily planned poll intended to measure the elements which assume job in customer’s cell phone purchasing conduct, similar to: Brand name, value, quality and highlights offered and so on ii. To discover which cell phone brand is increasingly well known among college understudies in London and for what reason is it so. iii. To direct center gathe ring meetings with a little gathering of members to investigate the variables associated with purchaser conduct as for buying of a portable. 1.3 Research Question The inquiries being tended to in this examination are to distinguish the most well known cell phone among college understudies in London and to investigate the fundamental elements which oversee the customer’s decision inclination in the acquisition of a cell phone; brand name, value, highlights offered, quality, past experience of utilizing a portable and so forth 1.4 Rationale for look into This theme was picked for explore on the grounds that it is of enthusiasm for the analyst by and by and is identified with the field of the scientist too. As the writing audit segment will uncover, there is plentiful writing on consumer’s decision conduct, yet there are not many cell phone brand explicit investigations and much less examinations which have explicitly investigated the region. Albeit diverse financial, sel f idea, attribution and learning speculations have endeavored to clarify decision conduct in buyers, there is no single hypothesis clarifying the decision conduct

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine)

An Overview of Crystal Meth (Methamphetamine) More in Addiction Drug Use Meth Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Methamphetamine, or crystal meth, is a stimulant drug similar in many ways to amphetamines, the second most popular class of illicit drugs after marijuana in the world. Meth was synthesized back in the 1880s and was widely used in the second world war by soldiers on both sides, who were provided with the drug by their governments as an aid to alertness. This led to the first wave of meth use when the public gained access to this government-issued drug. Methamphetamine and amphetamine were commonly prescribed during the 1950s and 1960s for a range of medical conditions, including narcolepsy, depression, and obesity.  People began using methamphetamine and amphetamine recreationally in the 1960s, along with many other drugs, although meth waned in popularity until the 1980s. It recently gained popularity after the synthesis of a smokeable form of crystallized methamphetamine (d-methamphetamine hydrochloride) or crystal meth. Top 5  Things to Know About Crystal Meth Crystal meth goes by many different names and appears in different forms. You might hear it called ice, crystal, tina, speed (traditionally a name for amphetamine), crank, jib, shards, or gak. It can look like slightly transparent crystals; brownish granules;  pink, beige, or white powder; or be pressed into tablets or capsules.Meth can be taken in many different ways. Most commonly, it is snorted, smoked in a pipe, or injected, but it can be taken orally, as a pill or capsule, or mixed into a drink.Meth has been used as a party n play or PnP drug, particularly among a sub-group of gay men  who sometimes use the drug rectally, which is sometimes known as booty bumping.People take meth for many different reasons. In addition to the rave or party connection, people use meth as a stimulant to stay awake or to lose weight. Street youth report taking meth to cope with life on the streets and to stay vigilant, any may consider it a more positive choice than heroin or crack.Meth has severe physical and mental consequences, especially if taken for extended periods of time.  Despite myths in the media, treatment for meth use can be effective. Health Risks and Things to Consider About Crystal Meth Like other addictive substances and behaviors, meth can be used recreationally by some people who do not become addicted. However, the complex effects that the meth high has on peoples mental state and behavior mean that using meth always carries a risk. The longer you use meth, the worse it is likely to affect you, and the harder it is to quit and make a full recovery. If you have been using meth to lose weight, it is worth noting that long-term meth use tends to take its toll on users appearance, often aging people prematurely  and leading to irreversible dental problems, sometimes known as meth mouth. Talk to your doctor about safer ways of losing weight that will make you look better, not worse, andâ€"most importantlyâ€"not put your health at risk. In addition, meth is not an effective way to study. Although some  students may use meth to stay up late studying, it can cause long-term mental health problemsâ€"a threat, most importantly, to cognitive health, but also to ones desire to get better grades.  Brain scans have confirmed the long-term damage done by meth. If you believe you have attention problems, and meth helps you to focus, your doctor can prescribe safer, more effective medications to help with this or help you identify other, non-drug strategies that may help. Some people find that meth improves their mood, but this is a temporary effect. When you come down, you are likely to feel worse than ever. Your doctor can give you much safer, more effective medications for depression and other mental health problems. You might also find that the psychological treatments for meth addiction are just as helpful for problems with depression and anxiety. Finally, if you have been using meth as part of a social sceneâ€"whether it is a club, party n play, or another social group, think about whether you would prefer to spend your time on other activities or with other people. Some people use drugs for a long time, simply because those around them do, but there are always alternatives.   Meth may seem exciting at first. But as the excitement wears off, like other addictions, meth use can be hard to quit and bring about health risks that are too serious to ignore. How Long Does Methamphetamine Stay in Your System? Next Steps Meth is a dangerous drug to take. So, while quitting is advised,  it can be accompanied by a variety of physical and psychiatric symptoms. If possible, it is best to come off the drug with medical supervision. Once you are through meth withdrawal, treatments such as cognitive behavior therapy can be helpful for overcoming meth addiction. If you have other mental health problems, such as depression, anxiety, or psychosisâ€"all of which can be substance-inducedâ€"it is important to get treatment for these conditions as well. And if you have social difficulties, such as trouble finding and keeping decent housing, there are programs designed especially to help with these kinds of problems for those who are in recovery from drug problems. If you dont have contact with social services, try calling your local crisis line for help with accessing these services. A Word From Verywell   Life on crystal meth is full of ups and downs. Part of recovery is getting some balance in your life, which may at first seem boring, but could open up a whole new world of possibilities for you.

Engineering and Construction (Essay) - 275 Words

Engineering and Construction (Essay Sample) Content: University NameCIVIL ENGINEERING/TRANSPORT ENGINEERINGEngineering and ConstructionNameCourseTutorDateCivil EngineeringCivil Engineering is a field of science that deals with several aspects within the science field. The fields that degenerate civil engineering are design, construction, and maintenance. The three fields are combined in an effort to complete structures and maintain them. Such structures include buildings, dams, bridges, tunnels, and highways (Chen & Richard 8). For Civil Engineering to carry out these three functions it uses physical laws, mathematical equations and theories of mechanics. In its definition, ethical issues are considered vital such that environmental issues and physical hazards arising due to the projects are minimized.Civil Engineering has several broad categories and fields. These fields are geotechnical, structural, transportation, water resource, environmental, earthquake, and urban planning engineering (Chen & Richard 9). In a simpl er definition, Civil Engineering is a professional engineering discipline that majors in design of construction plans, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment (Chen & Richard 10). Civil engineering takes place in broad categories of the public sector, municipal levels, and county levels to the national government levels. It also takes place broadly in the private sector such as from individual homeowners through to international companies (Chen & Richard 13). The people who major in these specialties are called civil engineers. A civil engineer carries out tasks of planning, designing, construction and maintenance of structures (Chen & Richard 14-15).Transportation engineeringTransport engineering involves the application of technology and scientific principles in the field of planning, functional design, operational and management of facilities for any mode of transportation (Jonathan et al 38). The main aim of this field of engineering is to provide certain services and facilities to the public. These services and facilities must satisfy several conditions such as safety, efficiency, comfort, convenience, economical, and environmental friendly movement of people and goods. Transport engineering is derived from the vast or broad discipline of civil engineering joined with that of industrial engineering (Jonathan et al 39). It forms part of the major ingredients of civil engineering and mechanical engineering disciplines. Transport engineering is categorized into several major components. These components are Aerospace, air transport, highway, pipeline, waterways, ports, coastal and ocean, and urban transports (Jonathan et al 41). The planning aspect of transport involves to a great perspective forecasting decisions and political factors. Transport engineering is majored in generation and operation of transport facilities such as airports, railroads, highways among others (Victor 77).There are so many aspects observed during initial pro cesses of transport engineering such as sizing, determining materials for use, and calculating the geometry among other aspects. The initial stages also will require the engineer to carry out the area inventory (Victor 78). Relevant information that make up a complete inventory include population information, land use, economic activities, transportation facilities and services available, travel patterns and volumes, laws and ordinances, regional financial resources, and community values and expectations. The above inventories will help the engineer to develop models that bear a complete and accurate forecast of future conditions of the system (Victor 79).Sydney Harbor BridgeThe Sydney harbor bridge is completely made of steel. In categorization, all the works involved in construction, development of the bridge falls under the transport-engineering bracket of civil engineering (Smiles 52). The bridge was constructed to connect the Sydney CBD and the North Shore. The bridge was nickn amed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Coathanger' to reflect its arch-based design. The public works engineers were attributed for initiating the program (Lalor 111). The British firm (Dorman Long and Co Ltd) designed and builds the bridge and completed it in 1932. The (Smiles 55) bridge design was influenced by the completion of a similar bridge in New York, the Hell Gate Bridge (Smiles 59).Civil engineers were appointed to oversee Bradfield's dream of building the arch bridge. The engineers wrote relevant reports, analysis, and documented evidences of the need to construct the structure. The proposal from the engineers was taken to parliament for approval (Smiles 61). Civil engineers at the ministry were assigned to develop a design for the bridge. The engine...

The Origins Of Virtue By The Zoologist Matt Ridley

The zoologist Matt Ridley explores the question of why human beings are so cooperative, even though we are built of selfish genes in his book: The Origins of Virtue. The book lines up a large selection of examples of cooperation, utilizing different scientific approaches such as economy, sociology, evolutionary biology, anthropology (Rinaldo, 1997). It argues that in some human relationships natural selection promotes virtue and trust, but at the same time humans are egoistic and motivated by self-interest (Leigh, 2000). The book begins with the description of the genetic foundations of human nature and argues that cooperation is grounded in evolutionary theory (Dugatkin, 1998) and describes cooperation and selfishness utilizing the examples of ants, corals, bees, mother and embryo relationship. Next, the division of labour is examined using the notion of Adam Smith about specialization which is essential to trade and elevates the society to be more than just the sum of its parts. Ch apter 3 is devoted to the Prisoner s Dilemma from game theory, which can be traced through the rest of the book. It deals with how people are led by self-interest or cooperation, how reciprocal humans and animals are because eventually we gain more from cooperation, despite the temptation to cheat (Markà ³czy Goldberg, 1997). This chapter is followed by the extensions and conditions that are necessary to get reciprocal altruism, which is uniquely mastered by humans. The next two chapters

Symbolism in The Catcher In The Rye - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 833 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/05/23 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Catcher in The Rye Essay Did you like this example? It is proven that the environment that one grows up in can alter the person forever. J.D. Salingers novel, The Catcher In The Rye is based in the 1940s. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Symbolism in The Catcher In The Rye" essay for you Create order The novel is narrated by Holden Caulfield and follows his journey after failing his school Pencey Prep. The novel centers around Holden, and his transition from childhood to adulthood. Salinger writes using abundant amounts of symbolism throughout the novel to convey the emotions of Holden. The three symbols that are most significant to the story are the red hunting hat, Alliers baseball mitt, and the Museum of Natural History. The red hunting hat resembles Holdens insecurities, itrs bright red color appeals to Holdens desire to be distinct, when he wears it he becomes confident. CD Even though Holden really got a bang out of the hat (Salinger 27), he is embarrassed and lacks the confidence to wear it in public. Holden takes the hat off in the train, at the bar, and also in the hotel lobby. The hat demonstrates his discreteness and who he wishes to be. He wears the hat whenever he wants to be different and deviant from the people in the vicinity of him. Phoebe does what she knows will make Holden happy what she did it damm near killed me she reached in my pocket took out my hat and put it on my head (Salinger 212). This reveals that Phoebe understands the impact the hat has on Holden and wants Holden to be happy. Holdenrs red hat is also tied to Alliers red hair. Holden seems to find comfort in the hat since it makes him feel like Allie is still alive and with him while he wears it. Allie had an exception al personality according to Holden earlier in the novel and Holden uses the hat to reassure himself when he feels morose. While the red hunting hat gives Holden confidence as well as something to differentiate himself from others, Allies baseball glove gives Holden a sense of hope. Alliers baseball glove is covered in poetry written in green ink, it acts as a periapt for Holden. The glove does a great job at representing Holdenrs love for his deceased brother, Allie, as well as his distinctiveness. Allie covered his left-handed glove in poems so he could entertain himself during slow parts of a game is an affecting reminder of his personality. While writing the descriptive composition for Stradlater Holden talks about Alliers glove The thing that was descriptive about it, though, was that he had poems written all over the fingers and the pocket and everywhere He wrote them so hed have something to read when he was in the field and nobody was at bat (Salinger 43). This quote shows how unique and unusual Allie had been. When talking about the baseball mitt we see a gentle side of Holden. Holden does not assimilate why someone so special and wonderful can die the way Allie did. Holden speaks to Allie when he is in emotional distress. The glove is like a talisman to Holden he cherishes it for what it truly is. After Stradlater had returned from the date with Jane he reads the composition and says For Chrissake, Holden This is about a goddam baseball glove? I went over and pulled it right out of his goddam hand. Then I tore it up (Salinger 47) This exemplifies what the mitt truly means to Holden, and that other people dont necessarily understand how important the topic of it is actually to Holden. Holden became enraged when Stradlater so casually dismissed the glove. Holden feels closer to his brother due to the glove even though he is not around anymore. While the glove is the connection and inspiration that Holden looks to when he is in distress, the Museum of Natural History represents the world Holden wished he lived in. The Museum of Natural History has displays that are frozen and unchangeable, everything is solid and still, every time Holden goes the exhibits are in the same place. As Holden walks towards the museum, he describes the museum as the best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was (Salinger 121). It is portrayed that Holden wishes life was like a museum and did not change. Holden associates the museum with his childhood before Alliers death. Nevertheless, when he arrives at the museum he chose not to enter it. When I got to the museum, all of a sudden I wouldnt have gone inside for a million bucks. It just didnt appeal to me (Salinger 122). It is likely that he does not want to risk having his pure childhood memories ruined by there being change when he walks in. The museum represents safety, childhood, and happiness to Holden. Everything considered it can be said symbolism in The Catcher In The Rye is commonly reflected upon. Holden suffers a loss that ultimately changes his approach towards life and his competency to form any relationships.

Gandhi’s Key Concepts of Passive Resistance,...

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi- 2 October 1869 - 30 January 194 was the pre-eminent political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. He is also known as Mahatma which means â€Å"The Great Soul†. He was committed to pacifism, that there should be no violence.(1) He had three concepts to follow in his life for independence of India: Satyagraha, Ahimsa and Swaraj. Gandhi introduced the concept of â€Å"Satyagraha† that means â€Å"passive resistance†. This passive resistance also means ‘soul force’ or ‘truth force’. The words satya means truth and Agraha means insistence, or holding firmly to (2). For Gandhi, Satyagraha is more likely a method which is the idea of practicing in non-violence. Gandhi says, â€Å"Truth (satya)†¦show more content†¦He always followed his ideologies no matter how others protest or disagree. This tenacity always brought him success in his way. Non-violence (Ahimsa) is Gandhi’s another concept where he says, â€Å"Literally speaking, ahimsa means non-violence. But to me it has much higher, infinitely higher meaning. It means that you may not offend anybody; you may not harbor uncharitable thought, even in connection with those who consider your enemies. To one who follows this doctrine, there are no enemies. A man who believes in the efficacy of this doctrine finds in the ultimate stage, when he is about to reach the goal, the whole world at his feet. If you express your love- Ahimsa-in such a manner that it impresses itself indelibly upon your so called enemy, he must return that love. This doctrine tells us that we may guard the honor of those under our charge by delivering our own lives into the hands of the man who would commit the sacrilege. And that requires far greater courage than delivering of blows. (7) So, within his words we see that he proved that everyone who has motivation can fightShow MoreRelatedPunjabi9291 Words   |  38 PagesUNIT 19 CONCEPT OF SWARAJ, SATYAGRAHA AND CRITIQUE OF WESTERN CIVILISATION Structure ! I 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Objectives Introduction The Civilisational Justification and British Rule 19.2.1 Gandhi, Moderates and the Extremists on the Legitimacy of British Rule i I I Gandhis Hind Swaraj 19.3.1 Gandhi, Extremists and British Colonialism 19.3.2 Gandhi, Moderates and British Colonialism 19.3.3 Gandhi on Swaraj 19.4 Gandhis Critique of Modern Civilisation 19.4.1 Western Influences on Gandhi 19Read MoreThe Communist Manifesto Calling On The Workers Of The World2994 Words   |  12 Pagesfought not only against political systems and institutions such as aristocratic and colonial rule; they have also fought for their beliefs, values, and ideals. In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto calling on the workers of the world to unite. Revolutionaries radicalized by the ideas of liberalism and nationalism took to the barricades as socialists promoting the concept of regional and world revolution – helping to spark the modern spread of the notion referredRead MoreEssay Questions On Disobedience And Rebellion3173 Words   |  13 PagesJimmy Chen Mrs. Meador Honor’s English II 1 Dec. 2014 Rough Draft for Argumentative Essay Thoughts of disobedience and rebellion have existed for almost as long as the first law or rule that could be broken. These thoughts come naturally to us, being humans we are curious and we wonder, what would happen if we were to do something different, something off the beaten path. This curiosity has fueled, our evolution, our development to the beings that we are now. It has spawned the thoughts of moralityRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 PagesThis page intentionally left blank Foreword One of the most useful things about Ennis Edmondss Rastafari: From Outcasts to Culture Bearers is that it correctly traces the connection between the emergence of Rastafarianism and the history of resistance and black consciousness that has been part of the Jamaican experience for years. The truth is that there has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that haveRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages40071 173—dc22 I. Cameron, 2009040522 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ISBN 10: 0-13-612100-4 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-612100-8 B R I E F TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S Preface xvii Introduction 1 PART I 1 2 3 PERSONAL SKILLS 44 Developing Self-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating OthersRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages....................... 165 Abusing Rules of Grammar .............................................................................................................. 167 Using and Over-Using Euphemisms .............................................................................................. 169 Unintended Innuendo ....................................................................................................................... 172 Disobeying Rules of Discourse........................

Hate Crime - 990 Words

Hate Crime The simplest definition of what a hate crime is, is a crime committed against a victim due to his or her perceived role in a social group. Social groups can be defined by many factors such as sexual orientation, race, disability, religion, age, gender and many other factors. Within this essay I aim to evaluate the causes of hate crime and also to assess the impact of crime on victims and the strategies used for responding to hate crime. The types of hate crime I am going to be focusing on are race, sexual orientation and gender. What is hate crime? Defining hate crime has proven to be a difficult task, shown by the multiple academic and professional definitions that exist. Barbara Perry (2001) suggests that â€Å"as is the case†¦show more content†¦How will we know if these actions truly constitute a hate crime? What crimes are we going to include in our definition?† Jacobs and Potter (1998: 27) suggest that â€Å"how much hate crime there is and what the appropriate response should be depends upon how hate crime is conceptualised and defined†. So far I have outlined a number of academic definitions of hate crime and also the implications of defining such a crime. I am now going to describe the three types of hate crime I am focusing on which are race, sexual orientation and gender. Macpherson (1999) suggests that a racist incident is any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person†. The Crime and Disorder Act (1998) state that â€Å"a racial group refers to persons defined by reference to their race, colour, nationality, or ethnic or national origins†. The figures for race related hate crimes taking place are at the highest with a staggering 43,426 people involved in hate crime at the moment. Despite all the public awareness of hate crimes since Stephen Lawrence’s murder, racially motivated hate crime is still taking place and does not seem to be decreasing. This brings me to question why figures are still rising despite law changes and public awareness. Research shows that few criminals are being prosecuted for committing a hate crime. Ministry of Justice (2008) â€Å"in 2006 only 11,500 charges of racially aggravated offending were prosecuted in EnglandShow MoreRelatedHate Crime : Hate Crimes1454 Words    |  6 PagesHate Crimes Hate crimes, two small words with a very big meaning. Hate crimes are happening everywhere, some hit the news, some go into newspapers and others don’t even make it to the point of any social awareness at all. Hate crimes are a targeted attack, one that should not be taken lightly. While hate crime laws infringe on free speech rights, acts of hate should be criminalized because groups of hate crimes have had a huge impact on social behavior for a long period of time, hate crimes victimizeRead MoreHate Crimes Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes I. Intro-What is a hate crime . A hate crime is when a person intentionally selects a victim because of the race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. A person who commits a hate crime can come from any background and be any race. The term hate crime is meant to differentiate criminal behavior that is caused by prejudice from behavior that is motivated by greed jealously, anger, politics and like. Hate groups differ from one another in terms of membershipRead MoreThe Issue Of Hate Crimes2025 Words   |  9 Pagesfacing in the world are hate crimes. Despite this being a major issues, there appears to be no solution in sight to put a stop to hate crimes. 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The coined term â€Å"hate crimes† was first used No matterRead MoreHate Crimes Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesare the roots of the violence/hate crimes today in our contemporary society? What can we do to reduce them? Explain. The world is full of HATE. What is this word? What makes someone HATE someone else enough to kill or harm another human being? Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status. They are also referred to as bias crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the worldRead MoreHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? Although the definition can vary based on what groups are included (Cogan, 2006, p. 174) the simplest definition would be, violence against a person or group of people based on their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, race or disability (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2013). Hate Crimes do not just effect the victim but also the community. Those who become victims of hate crime are not chosen at random, it is because of the group they identify with orRead MoreEssay on Hate Crime Analysis1420 Words   |  6 PagesHate Crime Analysis Kim Hull CJA/540 Criminological Theory October 13, 2011 Facilitator David Mailloux CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work. I am familiar with, and acknowledge my responsibilities which are part of, the University of Phoenix Student Code of Academic Integrity. I affirm that any section of the paper which has been submitted previously is attributed and cited as such, and that this paper has not been submitted by anyone else.  I haveRead MoreHate Crimes, By Nelson Mandela1393 Words   |  6 PagesHate crimes consist of actions done against individuals or groups of people as a result of prejudice attitudes. These prejudices are based on race, religion, ethnicity or sexual orientation. Some crimes even go so far as to display actions against gender or physical and mental abilities (McDevitt, J., Levin, J., Bennett, S, 2002). As Nelson Mandela stated, a hateful attitude against others must be learned (Brainz, n.d.). Hate crimes are a learned attitude of prejudice against others because ofRead MoreThe Crime Of Hate Crimes1607 Words   |  7 P agesHate crimes are very common in today’s society, they can range from various ethnicities and orientations as well as the severity of the crime committed. A hate crime is defined as â€Å"the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability. The purveyors of hate use explosives, arson, weapons, vandalism, physical violence, and verbal threats of violence to instill fear in their victimsRead MoreReligion and Hate Crimes Essay2507 Words   |  11 PagesIn 2007, according to the Federal Bureau Investigation of the Nation’s law enforcement agencies â€Å"there were 9,535 victims of hate crimes; of these victims17.1 percent were victimized because of a bias against a religious belief which totaled to be 1,628 victims of an anti-religious hate crime† (1). Almost ten thousand people were victims of hate crimes alone in 2007. That is something to be alarmed about because part of living in the U.S.A as minority is to have freedom to do and be anything you

Difficult Teachers Recent Development on how they can be dealt with Free Essays

string(88) " administrators should possess if they are to effectively deal with difficult teachers\." Competition as a factor plays an important role in shaping up nearly all sectors in the present operational environment. Competition is rife in all sectors and education is swimming within these tides. Success of the teaching staff is largely guided by results and having even two ineffective teachers could lead to a bad name to a principal and his administration (Brock, Grady, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with or any similar topic only for you Order Now Inefficiency of the teaching staff can lead to loss of accountability and even place a school at risk of losing its reputation or failing to develop any. Like in the result oriented business world the ability of the teaching staff to set standards of peak performance or be close to the top performers is important in ensuring that parents and hard working teachers remain motivated and always seeks the best for students. Such levels of motivation are bound to trickle down to students and the result may be improvement in the levels of performance and development of a culture of success (Hopkins, 2009). It is thus upon administrators especially principals and head of department to ensure they develop creative, humane, supportive, tough and timely approaches to deal with teachers who are not performing for one reason or the other. This is further complicated if the teachers being referred to are difficult to deal with. Appreciation of the Problem In practical teaching, many principals confess of having dealt with difficult teachers in more than one occasion. It is generally believed that each institution has what can be referred to as troubled teacher (Hopkins, 2009). The fact that the teachers are difficult to deal with must not be assumed to be directly correlated to their performance. In some cases the best teachers can prove to be hard to deal with which presents a larger problem considering the impact they could have on a school if they were to quit or their problem addressed badly. It is generally true that troubled, exhausted and even confused teachers have multiple negative impacts on morale and school environment. Such troubled teachers have the ability to single handedly break the team spirit that is critical to staff success which results in fragmentation that is a breeding ground to failure in issues relating to school improvement initiatives. Difficult teachers have been termed by some researchers as a proverbial elephant in the staff. All in the staff are often aware of the existence of such a character but none is willing to confront for the fear of losing or what most refer to as being ‘trampled’. Many low performing and even high performing (based on result) institutions are overrun by such teachers who appear to be operating within their own code. It has been observed that some principals are even scared of such troubled teachers and though they are aware of their existence they do little to address the situation (Wilmore, 2007). The reality is that ignoring the existence of such teacher does little to address the situation which is let to manifest within the teaching environment and with time the negative effects may even be observed in the levels of performance that can be attained by a staff (Brock, Grady, 2003). Failure in performance may not only result to the ousting of a principal but also affect the lives of students who may have had better futures had it not been for the failure of the administrators in addressing difficult teachers. Principals must be appreciative of the fact that their roles as leaders is worth the risk because the goals seek more than material gain or advancement. This should also involve appreciation of the fact that the lives of the people within the school community and even outside the school community thus the society is dependent on the school system to provide meaning and purpose. This appreciation must be reinforced by personal assessment of the administrators to determine if they have the ability to effectively handle difficult teachers. Principals as managers and leaders have the role to ensure that the school community is motivated by dealing with the challenges to high levels of motivation and ensuring that impediment or threats to achievement of educational goals are addressed (Brock, Grady, 2003). Administrators have the ability to misjudge a straight or good teacher for a trouble maker. This is especially true for administrators who are still getting the feel of being in a new environment. Depending on the existing administration for support is cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that new administrators get a feel of the environment and therefore develop objective assessment of the staff including their own ability to effectively manage the challenges presented by the environment they are in (Wilmore, 2007). Difficult teachers can come in hordes or could be unique in a staff that is highly cooperative. Even in a dysfunctional school community, there are teachers who are considered difficult. Researchers have come up with values that they view as being important in dealing with difficult teacher in varied conditions. The values that must be inherent of administrators can be developed and play a role in ensuring that difficult teachers are dealt with in both functional and dysfunctional environments. Assertive administration is cited as one of the critical success factors in dealing with difficult teachers. The term difficult in difficult teachers is not out of their knowledge of martial arts or spiritual ability rather is assertiveness that manifests negatively. The level of assertiveness that such teachers display has been cited by some as being manifested in difficult to deal with but successful teachers in class. Disregard for the existing systems and rule on a regular basis that defines difficult teachers is a manifestation of a negatively developed assertive nature (Brock, Grady, 2003). It is only an assertive administrator that can effectively manage such a teacher and even reform his ways into those accepted within the established systems. Character building is an important quality that administrators should possess if they are to effectively deal with difficult teachers. You read "Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with" in category "Papers" Character building is the ability to mould the perception and thereafter actions of a teacher in a manner that leads to their entry or fit into an existing set of values. Character affects perception and therefore actions and should thus be developed in a manner that is positive if the actions are to lead to generation of value to both students and other teaching staff (Wilmore, 2007). Many researchers have come up with findings that blame the behavior of difficult teacher on the nature of their cognition. Such difficult teachers display their negative character irrespective of the nature of administration thus addressing the character issues appear to be the best approach to dealing with difficult teachers. Communication is considered one of the important tools that managers and leaders have in ensuring that goals are transmitted through out a system and people are motivated towards achieving set goals. Under constrained teaching environment, teachers may take on repulsive behavior to gaining the attention of the administration to issues that may be affecting their efficiency in teaching. While a negative teaching environment is not a precondition for difficult teachers it is a possible cause of negative teachers (Wilmore, 2007). Communication is an avenue through which the nature of difficult teachers can be discerned and it is only from this understanding that suitable intervention measures should be developed. Administrators must study and personalize the art of affective communication if difficult teachers are not to arise from a teaching environment and to also ensure a proper understanding of the negative teaching behavior. Developing a positive school culture has come up as one of the critical success factors in reducing the prevalence of difficult teaching. Poorly performing schools have been recorded as being a breeding ground for difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). A poor school culture develops a negative picture of what is expected of a teacher and develops a breeding ground for negative perception and energy that could result in difficult teachers. Some researchers have tried to develop a theory in a bid of have a clear image of difficult teacher formulation in an environment which postulate that a negative culture direct the otherwise positive energy that could have been channeled into positive development to poor interaction with students and other members of staff (Wilmore, 2007). The role of developing a positive culture has been studied in business and involves interaction with positive people and promotion of positive norms and values. The role of managers and leaders is prominent in this phase and could be the defining factor between failure and success. Contribution of the administrators to teaching and addressing issues that teachers and students are faced with plays an important role in ensuring that administrators are appreciated as part of the school systems. By contributing to issues relating to staff development administrators are placed in a position where they can effectively monitor events within their environment (Whitaker, 2002). This is in line with proactive approaches to issues where reporting systems are a formal or documentation systems and not an avenue through which leaders gain insight of problems. By actively contributing to the school community and being at the fore in addressing issues, administrators are put in a position where they can be effective in ensuring overall school development. Conducting assertive interventions and timeliness are the other important values that administrators must display to be able to effectively manage difficult teachers. It is generally believed that the most effective way to deal with students is addressing the teachers. A school in its basic definition takes on a hierarchical structure was the teachers act as a bridge between students and the administration (Whitaker, 2002). Assertive intervention systems are important in ensuring that other teachers whom are often aware of the existence of a problem become informed of strategies that are being taken to address them. Timeliness is a value that is of critical importance in minimizing the negative effects of difficult teachers in a school community. Procrastination has been cited as one of the avenues through which administrators let negative effects of difficult teachers affect existing systems with negative repercussion (Whitaker, 2002). Addressing procrastination is therefore a critical success factor and can only be attained if timeliness as a factor is ingrained within systems seeking solutions. Manifestation of Difficult Teaching The ability to identify problematic teacher is important in ensuring that the effect that he has on other members of the teachings staff are mitigated. Difficult teachers come in different forms according to a recent survey that seeks to develop a clear understanding of difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). Understanding the exact manifestation of difficult behavior in teachers and interaction with other staff members and administration is important in devising strategy that can be used in dealing with threats that they pose. Complaining and negative teachers have been cited as the most difficult to deal with. It is advisable that such teachers be directly and confidentially addressed (Waterman, Waterman, 2006). Ensuring that teachers are aware of the effects that their behavior has on existing system and achievement of the educational goals and presenting a platform for them to raise issues that may be affecting them in a confidential manner is important in ensuring the interventions do not manifest negatively. Research shows that some principals however choose to ignore the negative comments from difficult teachers. Though success of the interaction in such a case is dependent on the degree with which the administrators can focus on positive staff members, ignoring the negative staff members is misplaced and could be counter-productive. Stating expectations and offering assistance have for a long time been considered vital steps in dealing with difficult teacher; however, the change in environment and the need for leaders and managers to be proactively involved in day to day running of their systems has led to increased requirement on administrators (Whitaker, 2002). Noise makers and anarchist are considered the second most common characteristic of difficult teachers. Directly addressing their behavior groups is considered the first step to addressing issues they may be faced with. Stating what is expected of them including policies, behavior and expectation while monitoring progress are also considered success factors (McEwan, 2005). Research shows that if the initial intervention framework fails in developing observable change in the teachers placing them on an improvement plan is considered the next phase by many. In most cases, the intervention system for these behavior group end with a teacher being asked to leave a faculty after all measures fail in developing positive behavior change. Difficult teachers can also be defined by high propensity to gossip. While gossip may be considered a form of communication in any social setting if it continues to grow it could prove difficult for administrators to replace it with the truth. A factor that is widely appreciated as being a stumbling block to effectively addressing issues that an organization is faced with is gossip which affects the level of efficiency that can be attained in communication. Administrators must ensure that such members of staff are made aware of the negative effects that gossip could have to the attainment of school goals. Most leadership experts point to the fact that openly showing disgust and disapproval of gossip could lead to positive results (McEwan, 2005). Institutions that are aware of the negative effects that continual gossips has on communication efficiency have in the past asked difficult teachers to consider leaving a faculty if they could not deal with their love for gossiping. Backstabbers are another problem group where the direct approach is cited as being most effective. In fact a more direct approach than in all other cases has to be used in confronting culprits with questions on the why, what, where and when regarding a case. Depending on the magnitude of a case the intervention systems may either involve letting the culprit be aware of the fact that his actions have been brought into light and citing insubordination which may also involve restating expectation of behavior and initiation of an improvement plan (McEwan, 2005). Research shows that most principals are aware of the existence of such backstabber but consider their actions less influential on attainment of goals. Backstabbing is viewed by principals as differing opinions rather than lack of appreciation of the input of other members. This is a negative perception that is reflective of the differences that exist between practice and research. Discussion There appears to be a wide appreciation of the extent of difficult teachers. Researchers have tried to dissect the problem from different dimensions to ensure that its emergence, manifestation and even approaches to its management are well understood. Behavior development; nature of experiences that a teacher has undergone; the nature of the operational environment and objectives of the teachers are factors cited as being vital in defining the extent and effect of difficult teachers. There is no doubt on the effects that such teachers could have on the levels of morale and even attainment of administrative goals. One of the most important developments in recent research is an effort to develop a clear understanding of the different behavior groups and how each group can be addressed. Direct measures and restatement of the vision have been stated as being vital in ensuring effective management of different cases. The role of the administrators and the critical success values are applicable in the measures that have been developed for different behavior groups. It is apparent that there is little that can be done by researchers to address individual cases however administrators can pick from the general guidelines that have been developed to come up with measures in management and leadership that can ensure difficult teachers are dealt with in a manner that leads to professional development. Critical review of success factors and steps involved in mitigating and addressing specific behavior problems points to the fact that effective leadership and management are important in identification and address of difficult teachers as a key problem in achievement of schooling goals. The art and science aspect of management have to be reinforced with appreciation of the potential effect that problem teachers have on attainment of a school’s objectives and facilitation of communication and transmission of positive values in attaining efficiency. There is no doubt on the role played by innovation, creativity, skills, experience, coordination and overall strategic management in ensuring difficult teachers are managed and their effects addressed. Conclusion Difficult teachers have the potential of disrupt learning and lead to loss of morale in the teaching staff. Understanding the teachers which involve ensuring high levels of interaction with them and application of strategic management principles in addressing the challenge they present have widely been discussed by researchers. There however appears to be a gap between research and practice in that some principals and administrators despite the effects that difficult teachers have on attainment of school goals ignore their existence. Researches on how this appreciation can be developed are lacking and are one of the key areas that have to be addressed if the current state of research is to be helpful to practicing administrators. Little has been done with regards to difficult administrators who may in fact pose a greater threat to attainment of schooling goals. A further understanding of the cause of difficult behaviors among teachers must be developed to create a good platform for administrators to base their interventions. In a nutshell, the current researches provide a suitable platform for definition of strategic directions that can be taken in addressing difficult teachers; it is however upon administrators and the entire school community to develop specific approaches that are relevant to their cases which differ different owing to different values and expectations that characterize schools. How to cite Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with, Papers

Environmental Management in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production

Question: Evaluate the function and aims of stabilisation clauses and comment on how they seek to achieve the stability that parties desire. Answer: Exploitation and Exploration process in the hydrocarbon sector are considered as one of the most regulated activities that operate in national legal systems because there are a number of public interests that occupies them and their significant role in the economy at the national level. Petroleum and its products are one of the international Commodities that are being traded since the 18th century. The development of international oil and gas industry was equivalent to the domestic development in the US in the 19th century. At present most of the oil companies exists in the regions where oil is produced and other small and medium oil companies operate in more than one region. Oil and gas industry is one of the largest growing sectors but is always surrounded by a number of conflicts. The fluctuation in the price of crude oil and oil based products requires an international law which should be applicable to all the countries. Every country has its own rules and regulations which are a pplied to the development of oil and gas in that country. There are some common concepts and approaches that can be applied to international laws for oil and gas industry. A number of disputes occur in the transaction of petroleum based products like Oil and gas amongst the Oil companies and the host countries. This usually happens because of the conflicts of government with government and private organizations of other countries (Roe, 2011). Witnessing such conflicts there is a great need to form international laws for oil and gas industry which must address the type of legal system used in the particular country, national sovereignty and international treaties and conventions. With respect to the substantive rules of international law applicable to oil and gas industry, the countries with the occurrence of oil and gas are free to change their laws and legal regimes that govern the natural resources. The sovereignty means freedom to make changes in the law but it does not allow vio lating the international laws for oil and gas sector. The international law for Oil and Gas sector has surpassed the national borders over the past few years. With the restructuring, privatization, cross border trade of energy, the emergence of a cut-throat market, professional and industry associations, regional integration etc. affects each other for which there is a need for a legal framework that provides a guideline for regulatory implementation. The international law has been developed and expanded for oil and gas sector from the rules of formal diplomacy to handle a number of issues (Mansour Nakhle, 2016). The international law for oil and gas industry is associated with EU energy Law and Lex Petrolea. Lex Petrolea covers a broad area of the international law for which the size of the oil and gas industry and significance has to be specified. It can be referred as a specific lawful regime which has been developed to meet some specific requirements associated with oil and gas industry. It can also be viewed as an application of an international law in the area of Oil and gas sector. EU energy law has grown exponentially in the last 20 years. The EU has issued some directives on the specific energy matters and they addressed particular situation only and had very less significance (Otero Castrillo, 2013). The series of domestic market directives that accompanied the regulations started with the issues such as cross border transit and transparency and moved on to the discriminatory issues such as upstream licensing directives and utilities procurement etc. The first Directive for energy market appeared in the year 1996, which was followed by the Directive for the Gas market in the year 1998. These are the two legislative instruments that are being followed by two energy law packages from the security of supply Regulations and directives which also included the green energy packages. The green packages include renewable energy, emission trading, energy savings, carbon capture and storage etc. There is a critical issue of energy security that usually prevails in Oil producing states that have a focus in attracting the investment from foreign countries that includes technical requirements and funding as well for the extraction and exploitation of the natural resources (Fanchi, 2007). Usually, states can either permit an exclusive license or they can permit a non- exclusive license for the growth of oil and gas industry. In the case of an exclusive license, an absolute ownership is granted to the State for underlying petroleum and bestows it for exploitation of petroleum to private entities. The other option that can be suggested is to take on private Companies or investors in a non-risk based or risk based contracts for the work. A risk Based contract e.g. Petroleum Sharing Agreement may engage state unit that may possess either an exclusive or non exclusive license for the exploitation of Petroleum resources. On another hand, a Non risk based contract for the work state ma y hire a paid Contractor to work under a contract. The region where petroleum is discovered and produced, it is usually shared amongst the Government and the company that has invested in it with respect to the terms and conditions that have been agreed to a contract (Visser Larderel, 1997). It has been observed and analyzed over past decades that Developed Oil Producing countries usually employ exclusive license approach for the development of Oil and gas resources. Whereas for Developing Oil Producing Countries, they usually employ for risk based contracts under the Petroleum Sharing Agreements. The exploration and exploitation of Oil and gas are accompanied by some environmental impacts such as air pollution, water pollution, damaged land, oil spills and accidents and fires. At present the social impact has also come into existence that the exploration process also affects the society. The Oil and Gas industry are making so many efforts to manage such environmental issues such as combating deforestation, managing sustainability of the land, atmosphere protection, conservation of biological diversity, protecting oceans and management of radioactive wastes etc. The Oil and Gas industry have actively participated in the development of an effective system to manage the harmful impact of the exploration and drilling process of Oil and Gas (OGEL Team, 2016). The use of advanced and innovative technology in the management of the harmful effects of drilling process is the key tool that helps in minimizing and controlling the effects. Such initiatives made by the Oil and Gas sector for the management or environmental impacts have been defined in the UNEP and IPIECA. Such initiative includes the application of innovative technology in Malaysia which was applied by Mobil and Shell. The regulatory enforcement and control are the utmost responsibility of the national competent authorities. International law for environment consists of those, substantive, procedural and associational rules which have the rules and regulations for the protection of the environment (Nishith Desai Associates , 2014). It is very clear that because of human activities environment is affected at the very high rate for which it becomes important to safeguard it by some strict laws. Some of the international environmental regulatory frameworks include the Montreal proto col, Basel Convention, MARPOL, UN law of Sea etc. The resort to the renegotiation and stabilization clauses for investment contracts in international oil and gas industry are acceptable when one may consider the area of conflicts that usually lies amongst the respective domains of Parties under a contract for international Oil and Gas investment. As per the statement of Business professionals the main objective of any multinational company is to increase the profit whereas the government of the Oil producing state basically targets on increasing the revenue. Additionally the host countries under any normal condition need to protect the interest of their citizens against the interest of the multinational investors. Seeking such conditions has led the oil producing state to implement the sovereignty claims for access to resources and take action against the oil and gas investors that may range from complete confiscation of interests of the investor. The stabilization clauses are defined as the clause that helps to maintain the Multinational investors interest by confining the administrative power and legislative laws of the State that aim at the independent modification or ending the original agreement that was entered by the parties without the permission of the Multinational Investors or companies. The Stabilization clause has two variants namely stricto sensu and intangibility. The intangibility clause offers that Government of the host country should not modify the contract of their own or end up the contract (Nliam, 2014). Whereas the strict sensu clause generally offers that any Governing Law of the Contract for Investment should belong to that contracting state where the contract was accomplished. This helps in preventing the undesirable application of any successive changes in the state law of contracts. The outcome of the implementation of stabilization clause is to prohibit the application of any laws and regulations i n the future which help in tying the contracts for investment permanently to the rules and regulations that were put at the time when an investment contract was being entered. There are four types of stabilization mechanism which can be employed such as freezing clause, hybrid clause, good will clause and intangibility clause. A typical stabilization clause may freeze the law of the state to make sure that the positive conditions that encouraged the multinational companies or investors to invest in this sector are preserved (Bayode, et al., 2011). Therefore the stabilization clause is referred as a discriminatory weapon for the stability of contract which is mainly positioned in the developing countries and not in the developed and industrialized countries to which the main multinational oil and gas investors belongs. The real meaning that lies with the application of stabilization clause is to offer an advantageous measure for the stability in the contracts which is the critical concern for the investors. Therefore, the stabilization clause can be viewed as a great need for the developing countries of Oil and Gas who relies mainly on the revenue from the sales of Oil and Gas industry with a purpose to undertake the economic projects such as investments in energy security. To a great level, the alternative to the stabilization clause has been originated from the demands and requirements of the multinational companies and investors and the financial organizations with which they are associated to safeguard their investment from any kind of risk which may be political, fiscal, environmental, regulatory etc. The effectiveness of the renegotiation and stabilization clause is confined with the implication that it is not regarded as the protection for the absolute investment that guarantees the investment in Oil and Gas industry and the parties in contract with Oil and Gas sector and they can work together for an effective indulgence of stabilization and investment protection with the help of these clauses (Khodykin, 2016). For the countries that are developing in the Oil and Gas sector has the ability to get on the modern methods of energy security are dependent on the revenues which can be invested for the exploration of oil and gas resources. The renegotiation and stabilization clause occupies an important position that only attracts investments but also ensures security (Okuthe, 2015). Bibliography Bayode, O. J., Adewunmi, E. A. Odunwole, S., 2011. Environmental implications of oil exploration and exploitation in the coastal region of Ondo State, Nigeria: A regional planning appraisal. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, March, 4(3), pp. 110-121. Fanchi, J. R., 2007. PEH:International Oil and Gas Law: Society of Petroleum Engineers, Availble at: https://petrowiki.org/PEH%3AInternational_Oil_and_Gas_Law#International_Law_and_Legal_Systems Khodykin, R., 2016. Applicable Substantive Law - Chapter 15 - Arbitration Law of Russia: Practice and Procedure: JURIS PUBLISHING LLC, Available at: https://www.jurispub.com/Applicable-Substantive-Law-Chapter-15-Arbitration-Law-of-Russia-Practice-and-Procedure.html Mansour, M. Nakhle, C., 2016. Fiscal Stabilization in Oil and Gas Contracts: Evidence and Implication, Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Fiscal-Stabilization-in-Oil-and-Gas-Contracts-SP-37.pdf Nishith Desai Associates , 2014. Oil and Gas Industry in India: Nishith Desai Associates, Available at: https://www.nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research%20Papers/Oil_and_Gas_Industry_in_India.pdf Nliam, S., 2014. INTERNATIONAL OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NIGER DELTA. African Journal of International and Comparative Law, 22(1), p. 2239. OGEL Team, 2016. Oil, Gas Energy Law: Legal Regulatory documents by Country. [Online] Available at: https://www.ogel.org/legal-and-regulatory-countries.asp Okuthe, I. K., 2015. Environmental and Social challenges of oil and gas exploration in Kenya. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, Ausgut, 17(1), pp. 164-174. Otero, C. Castrillo, G., 2013. Reflections on the law applicable to international oil contracts. The Journal of World Energy Law Business Advance, 14 March.pp. 1-34, Available at: https://eprints.sim.ucm.es/20470/1/jwelb.jwt004.full.pdf Roe, M., 2011. International arbitration: substantive, procedural and mandatory rules. International arbitration: substantive, procedural and mandatory rules, August, Available at: https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projects--construction/international-arbitration/international-arbitration-substantive-procedural-and-mandatory-rules/ Visser, J. P. Larderel, J., 1997. Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production: UNEP, Available at: https://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/254.pdf

The Media Industry in the U.S. an Example by

The Media Industry in the U.S. by Expert Marvellous | 09 Dec 2016 Being one of the fastest-paced and highest-profile sectors in the world, the media industry has been in a whirlwind of change the past few decades. There has been an explosive boom and bust and, of late, boom again, of internet technology. This has dramatically influenced media delivery. Clampdowns on shady accounting practices, assets changing hands and a more discerning and demanding media audience have also ensured that changes in the industry occurred at break-neck speed. This is why global media giants, like Time Warner, Disney and News Corp had sought to embrace these challenges of the Information Age. Need essay sample on "The Media Industry in the U.S." topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed In front of the media arena, the average US citizen is confronted by more than 1,500 dailies, over 5,700 weekly newspapers, some 17,000 magazine titles, 10,000 commercial radio stations and more than 1,600 TV stations. Nielsen Media Research reported that as of January 2003, 98.2% of the over 100 million households own at least one TV set, with 69.8% of them hooked up to cable. The US also exports a massive amount of its media, which has become almost staple fare around the world. CNBC alone boasts a reach of 192 million households worldwide, with 82m of them in the US and Canada. The latest available GDP statistics from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis show that the radio and TV industry contributed $72.9 billion to the US GDP in 2001, up from $71.1 billion in 2000. Total US GDP for 2001 was $10,082 billion (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2006). Fact remains that US is the worlds biggest media producer as well as consumer. Advertising is the main source of revenue, although some sectors also create revenues from subscriptions. Media concerns with entertainment arms have additional sources of income through takings from gaming, distribution rights, amusement park entrance fees and spin-off merchandise. Also, entertainment is one of Americas top exports. In 1999, in fact, film, television, music, radio, advertising, print publishing, and computer software together were the top export, almost $80 billion worth, and while software alone accounted for $50 billion of the total, some of that category also qualifies as entertainmentvideo games and pornography, for example. Hardly anyone is exempt from the force of American images and sounds. . . . American popular culture is the nemesis that hundreds of millionsperhaps billionsof people love, and love to hate (Amobi and Donald, 2006). However, media availability is somewhat disproportionate to the time an average American has to consume information. But the industry is a lucrative one and media spinners are finding new ways to make the public continue to consume media and pay for it. In 2001, companies in the media industry recorded total revenues of $261.7 billion. Although this was a growth over 2000's $255.2 billion, operating income had been steadily falling since 1998. This can be attributed largely to the fact that cable and satellite providers experienced rising maintenance costs and were investing heavily in new technology. The decline in income is expected to ease over the next few years as investments on new delivery channels start to bear fruit (Euromonitor International, 1 May 2001). The most significant changes in the media industry in the past decade have been in its adoption of the internet technology. The internet has evolved from being just a communications tool to becoming an important entertainment, business and marketplace platform. Catching up is the cable segment, which is embracing broadband technology in earnest and is rapidly overtaking the role of traditional dialup technology in supplying telephony and especially internet services to North American homes. From 1996 through 2003, the US cable industry spent $75 billion in private capital on plant and equipment as well as infrastructure upgrades, according to NCTA. The cable industry in its totality is moving from analog to digital technology to compete with the high-quality, low-interruption signal transmission broadcast by DBS companies, which have been offering high quality, encrypted digital transmission almost since day one. The competition between cable and satTV is becoming more intense. Apart from normal TV programs and movie line-ups, both offer interactive (cable TV being a recent entrant) and internet technologies on their systems. Both are taking the TV experience to new heights. Not only can the viewer play interactive games on TV but they can also interact with programs they are watching, for example responding to interactive surveys or making immediate purchases on shopping channels via the remote control. Latest technological advancements also allow viewers to record, pause, forward and reverse live programs or watch them in slow motion or instant replay using digitalpersonal video recording (DVR or PVR) and video on demand (VoD) devices for satTV and cable TV, respectively. Another issue that bothered media executives is their loss of control over viewers. Viewers can replay scenes they like during a commercial break, thus effectively bypassing messages from advertisers, who happen to be program sponsors. This could force advertisers to see TV as a less effective advertising channel than it used to be and give them better leverage at commercial slot price negotiation or cause them to adopt other advertising media. As viewers become more discerning, they are demanding greater viewing variety and higher quality programs. They are also getting hi-tech, seeking a greater, more interactive TV viewing experience much as they have come to expect from their personal computers. The FCC, the federal regulator for the media and telecommunications industry, is aware of this and is pushing the industry to hurry the digital transition. The FCC has mandated that all TV broadcast stations have High Definition TV (HDTV) broadcasting capability by 2006. This will mean a bigger outlay for broadcasters and cable companies in the coming few years: Broadcasters and program networks will have to invest in new cameras, titling and editing equipment and tape machines that support the digital TV (DTV) format and revamped rigs for DTV friendly TV vans. Cable operators need to convert all their equipment and set-top boxes. However, for viewers with HDTVs, the set-top boxes are bypassed. Time Warner had responded to this challenge through Warner Bros Entertainment, a subsidiary of the company when it tied up with CBS Corporation to form a new broadcast network. This new network, The CW, to be launched in late 2006, can significantly expand Time Warner's customer base. Time Warner's Cartoon Network channel entered into a joint venture with VIZ Media to form Toonami Jetstream, a new broadband service to provide streaming episodes of animation series. Toonami Jetstream will allow users to view episodes of Cartoon Network in their own time and also provide an alternative distribution vehicle for Time Warner. These alliances and joint ventures can provide Time Warner with a competitive advantage over its peers and enable it to enhance its revenue position. Expanding broadband market Most players in the cable industry have begun the digital journey but consumers may still need to dig into their pockets to enjoy the digital experience and make the analog age a thing of the past. They have to either buy new set-top boxes, which convert digital signals to analog, or buy HDTV sets, which range between just under $1,000 to almost $10,000. Early in June 2003, when the FCC eased its decades-old restrictions on the size of media entities, controversy erupted. Large media companies hailed the move. Consumer groups condemned the decision as bad news for democracy and local content. The new rule, which allowed media companies to have US penetration cap of 45% instead of the old 35%, was good news to media giants who were operating at close to the 35% limit. They had been lobbying hard for the lift, including Viacom, whose $40.6 billion purchase of CBS makes it the US' largest single operator of TV and radio stations, reaching 41% of the total national broadcasting market. The 45% rule looked set to open the floodgates for other media liberalization that would allow TV, radio and newspaper owners much more room for consolidation. If a large TV station acquired a small, one-paper town market, the community would be dominated by that entity. This would threaten local content in the communitys media. However, the 45% rule was blocked by Congress in a massive 400 to 21 vote in July 2003. This was followed by a stay order by a federal court some few weeks later. Should the FCC fail to appeal to have the new cap reinstated, media giants who have exceeded the old limit will have to shave off their access assets and those nearing the demarcation point will need to strike out expansion as a way to increase income. Time Warner, which garners some revenues from films, should grow its studio profits well. It is releasing several DVDs of popular titles. Film profits generally sway on the timing of releases. Viacom, Disney, and Dreamworks Animation also have large stakes in the sector, which will likely move further towards home viewing via digital cable and the Internet. Although the media market is already fraught with competitors, it is advisable that they persify they products to make them a formidable competitor. They should offer complimentary products and services to their clients. Like the Time Warner Company, which operates in print media, television, cinemas, internet, cables services and wired broadband segments, leveraging of operations in complimentary segments could reproduce the same content in various formats to generate additional sales. Time Warner had widened their product portfolio and allowed the company to offer superior bundles to the customers. References Economist Intelligence Unit. (2006). Country Profile. Retrieved December 14, 2006 Amobi, T.N. and Donald, W.H. (2006, September 21). Movies and Entertainment Survey. NY: Standard and Poors. Euromonitor International. (2001, May. 1). Entertainment Media Global Report. UK: Global Market Information Database.